According to the SceneSmoking.org web site, 340 young people die every day from seeing smoking in movies. SceneSmoking.org is a web site dedicated to the effort to get smoking out of movies seen by young people, and is run by Breathe California of Sacramento-Emigrant Trails.
At the bottom left corner of the home page, you'll see a statistic given in the form of a movie ratings label. The label is "SK-340." It reads: "Viewers Strongly Cautioned. Smoking Kills About 340 Young People A Day. Smoking in Movies is Not Cool, Healthy Nor Needed."
Presumably, what the statistic intends to communicate is that 340 young people die each day from the depiction of smoking in the movies. It appears that the support for this statistic comes directly from a paper by Dr. Stanton Glantz which was published in the journal The Lancet in July 2003 ("Smoking in movies: a major problem and a real solution").
According to that article: "In the USA, about 2050 adolescents (age 12–17) start smoking every day and about 32% of these people—660 a day—will die prematurely because of smoking. Assuming that the 52·2% attributable risk observed by Dalton and colleagues applies to this whole group, smoking in movies is responsible for addicting 1080 US adolescents to tobacco every day, 340 of whom will die prematurely as a result."
So according to this paper, 340 young people become addicted to smoking each day due to seeing smoking in movies and will eventually die prematurely as a result.
The Rest of the Story
On its face, the claim by this anti-smoking group is absurd. There are not 340 deaths among young people each day due to smoking, much less due to smoking that was caused by exposure to smoking in movies.
In fact, according to the CDC, there are no (ZERO) deaths attributable to smoking among persons under age 35. The reason is quite simple: it is rare for young people to die from smoking.
Now of course one could argue about what is meant by "young people." If one argues that anyone under age 65 is a "young" person (a definition that becomes increasingly appealing to me each year), then perhaps this claim is no longer absurdly false. But it would then be terribly misleading, because I doubt that anyone reading the web page is thinking of 40 and 50 and 60-year-olds when they read that "Smoking [in Movies] Kills 340 Young People A Day."
For the purposes of its smoking-attributable death calculations, the CDC defines middle-age as starting at age 35. I've never heard public health scientists referring to an age group above age 35 as representing what they mean when they talk about "young people."
Now I've already explained why I don't believe it is accurate even to claim that exposure to smoking in movies causes 340 young people to eventually die prematurely from smoking. But to state that 340 young people die each day because of exposure to smoking in movies is ludicrous. And patently false.
I really don't understand this need to lie to the public, or to stretch the truth beyond recognition, in order to make a point to the public. Forgetting about my argument that there is no valid scientific support for the claim that smoking in movies kills 120,000 people each year, if SceneSmoking.org wanted to accept this statistic from this one author, then what would the problem have been in stating that 340 young people will eventually die prematurely due to smoking in movies?
The problem, as far as I can see, is that it would not have been sensational enough. Apparently, it is no longer enough to tell the truth in tobacco control. It is not good enough to accurately represent the science.
You need to lie in order to sensationalize your message. You need to misrepresent the facts. Otherwise I guess you're not doing your job.
By the way, have you ever wondered what those movie theater ushers do during the ten minutes in between movie showings? They're not just cleaning up spilled popcorn and candy. They're picking up the dead bodies of the young people who died from seeing the smoking in those movies. No wonder that job never appealed to me.
(Thanks to James Austin for the tip).
Monday, October 22, 2007
Saturday, October 20, 2007
IN MY VIEW: Why Has The Tobacco Control Movement Lost Its Scientific Integrity?
In this post, I address two questions that have been asked by a number of readers and by several reporters since the publication of my article in Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations, which concludes that many anti-smoking groups are misrepresenting the acute cardiovascular health effects of secondhand smoke:
1. Did this misrepresentation of the science just start, or has it been going on for some time?
2. If the misrepresentation of the science has been increasing over time, why?
My answer to the first question is that while some misrepresentation of the science may have been occurring for some time, there has, without a doubt, been a dramatic increase in the amount of this misrepresentation. Without question, it is over the past six years, from 2001 forward, that I have observed a complete loss of scientific integrity within the tobacco control movement.
My answer to the second question is that the loss of scientific integrity in tobacco control coincides perfectly with the abdication by the tobacco industry of its role as a watchdog for "anti-tobacco industry" statements and communications.
In essence, the role that I am now playing is one that the tobacco industry used to play, albeit for a different reason. The tobacco industry played a watchdog role because they wanted to discredit tobacco control and undermine its public credibility. I am now playing this watchdog role because I want to restore the scientific integrity of the movement and save its public credibility. Nevertheless, the role that I am playing is very similar to what the tobacco industry used to do.
To some extent, it is surprising to me that the tobacco companies have not made more of a public display over the outright misrepresentation of science by anti-smoking groups. I suppose they feel that if they just lay back, the movement will destroy its own credibility. This may be a wise strategy, since it seems that every day, the claims get more and more absurd (wait until you read Monday's post).
First it was 30 minutes of secondhand smoke being fatal, then 20 minutes, then 5 minutes, and then basically instantaneous death from a trace of secondhand smoke.
First it was Helena, then Pueblo, then Piedmont, then Bowling Green, and now Scotland and Ireland.
First it was 120,000 deaths from exposure to smoking in movies and now it's 120,000 deaths from exposure to even a single depiction of smoking in movies.
If left to their own devices, it appears that the tobacco control movement will continue to spiral out of control in their misrepresentations of science, and eventually, they will go too far and lose public credibility. It's a good thing that somebody is trying to hold the movement accountable for its statements.
I remember, back before 2001, that whenever we wanted to make a public statement, we would quake in our boots over what the tobacco industry's reaction might be. We pored over every word of every statement we made because we were scared. We were scared of being nailed by the tobacco industry. The industry was watching every word we said and they would nail us to a tree if we took any mis-steps. So we were exceedingly careful.
Around the year 2000 or so, coinciding with the change in the public position of the tobacco companies over the health effects of smoking, the implementation of the Master Settlement Agreement, the Engle decision and the tobacco industry's attempt to portray itself to the jury in a new light, the dissolution of the Tobacco Institute, and the attempt of the tobacco industry to create a new public image in light of damaging publicity from lawsuits, it appears to me that the industry made a decision to lay off its constant vigilance over the communications of anti-smoking groups.
Gone were the days of constant FOIA requests to anti-smoking groups, which had gotten us to watch every word we said, even in non-public communications. Gone were the days of having to worry about actually being held to our public statements. Gone were the days of having to actually defend our statements publicly, and to take public responsibility for them.
This is the new era of tobacco control - sans industry oversight.
And it has truly become a free-for-all for anti-smoking organizations.
Imagine this: the anti-smoking groups can actually claim that 30 minutes of secondhand smoke exposure is enough to cause hardening of the arteries. They can actually claim that 30 minutes of secondhand smoke exposure increases your risk of a fatal heart attack to the same level as that of an active smoker. They can actually claim that 2 hours of secondhand smoke increases your risk of sudden death from a cardiac arrhythmia.
And they can get away with it.
That's why I think the anti-smoking groups have lost their scientific integrity. Because they can get away with it.
1. Did this misrepresentation of the science just start, or has it been going on for some time?
2. If the misrepresentation of the science has been increasing over time, why?
My answer to the first question is that while some misrepresentation of the science may have been occurring for some time, there has, without a doubt, been a dramatic increase in the amount of this misrepresentation. Without question, it is over the past six years, from 2001 forward, that I have observed a complete loss of scientific integrity within the tobacco control movement.
My answer to the second question is that the loss of scientific integrity in tobacco control coincides perfectly with the abdication by the tobacco industry of its role as a watchdog for "anti-tobacco industry" statements and communications.
In essence, the role that I am now playing is one that the tobacco industry used to play, albeit for a different reason. The tobacco industry played a watchdog role because they wanted to discredit tobacco control and undermine its public credibility. I am now playing this watchdog role because I want to restore the scientific integrity of the movement and save its public credibility. Nevertheless, the role that I am playing is very similar to what the tobacco industry used to do.
To some extent, it is surprising to me that the tobacco companies have not made more of a public display over the outright misrepresentation of science by anti-smoking groups. I suppose they feel that if they just lay back, the movement will destroy its own credibility. This may be a wise strategy, since it seems that every day, the claims get more and more absurd (wait until you read Monday's post).
First it was 30 minutes of secondhand smoke being fatal, then 20 minutes, then 5 minutes, and then basically instantaneous death from a trace of secondhand smoke.
First it was Helena, then Pueblo, then Piedmont, then Bowling Green, and now Scotland and Ireland.
First it was 120,000 deaths from exposure to smoking in movies and now it's 120,000 deaths from exposure to even a single depiction of smoking in movies.
If left to their own devices, it appears that the tobacco control movement will continue to spiral out of control in their misrepresentations of science, and eventually, they will go too far and lose public credibility. It's a good thing that somebody is trying to hold the movement accountable for its statements.
I remember, back before 2001, that whenever we wanted to make a public statement, we would quake in our boots over what the tobacco industry's reaction might be. We pored over every word of every statement we made because we were scared. We were scared of being nailed by the tobacco industry. The industry was watching every word we said and they would nail us to a tree if we took any mis-steps. So we were exceedingly careful.
Around the year 2000 or so, coinciding with the change in the public position of the tobacco companies over the health effects of smoking, the implementation of the Master Settlement Agreement, the Engle decision and the tobacco industry's attempt to portray itself to the jury in a new light, the dissolution of the Tobacco Institute, and the attempt of the tobacco industry to create a new public image in light of damaging publicity from lawsuits, it appears to me that the industry made a decision to lay off its constant vigilance over the communications of anti-smoking groups.
Gone were the days of constant FOIA requests to anti-smoking groups, which had gotten us to watch every word we said, even in non-public communications. Gone were the days of having to worry about actually being held to our public statements. Gone were the days of having to actually defend our statements publicly, and to take public responsibility for them.
This is the new era of tobacco control - sans industry oversight.
And it has truly become a free-for-all for anti-smoking organizations.
Imagine this: the anti-smoking groups can actually claim that 30 minutes of secondhand smoke exposure is enough to cause hardening of the arteries. They can actually claim that 30 minutes of secondhand smoke exposure increases your risk of a fatal heart attack to the same level as that of an active smoker. They can actually claim that 2 hours of secondhand smoke increases your risk of sudden death from a cardiac arrhythmia.
And they can get away with it.
That's why I think the anti-smoking groups have lost their scientific integrity. Because they can get away with it.
Thursday, October 18, 2007
Cigarette Tax Increase to Fund SCHIP Expansion is Dead
Earlier today, the U.S. House of Representatives failed (by 13 votes) to override President Bush's veto of a proposal that would have increased the federal excise cigarette tax by 61 cents per pack to fund an expansion of the SCHIP children's health insurance program.
My argument against the use of cigarette tax revenues to fund health insurance for children was highlighted by a Cybercast News Service article today. The article notes that more than 9 million new smokers would have been needed in the next 5 years in order to keep the program fully funded.
My quotes from the article:
"I don't dispute the idea that increasing the cigarette tax will reduce smoking. I don't think there's any question about that. But it doesn't make sense to me to permanently tie the financial solvency of children's health insurance to the need to continually increase the number of smokers."
"It's the most politically expedient solution. Clearly, to expand the program, you've got to get the revenue from somewhere, and I think that this is just the most politically easy target, because it's popular to go after smokers."
"Dr. Siegel disagreed [that declining cigarette consumption would not be a problem for program funding], explaining that tobacco taxes were effective when used to fund anti-smoking prevention programs, for which the need would diminish as the number of smokers decreased. But to fund a federal healthcare program, Congress was better off using another tax, he said."
"This is a situation where you're advocating a specific amount of money to a program based on cigarette revenue. So if that cigarette revenue falls, by definition, the revenue available to the program is going to fall."
My argument against the use of cigarette tax revenues to fund health insurance for children was highlighted by a Cybercast News Service article today. The article notes that more than 9 million new smokers would have been needed in the next 5 years in order to keep the program fully funded.
My quotes from the article:
"I don't dispute the idea that increasing the cigarette tax will reduce smoking. I don't think there's any question about that. But it doesn't make sense to me to permanently tie the financial solvency of children's health insurance to the need to continually increase the number of smokers."
"It's the most politically expedient solution. Clearly, to expand the program, you've got to get the revenue from somewhere, and I think that this is just the most politically easy target, because it's popular to go after smokers."
"Dr. Siegel disagreed [that declining cigarette consumption would not be a problem for program funding], explaining that tobacco taxes were effective when used to fund anti-smoking prevention programs, for which the need would diminish as the number of smokers decreased. But to fund a federal healthcare program, Congress was better off using another tax, he said."
"This is a situation where you're advocating a specific amount of money to a program based on cigarette revenue. So if that cigarette revenue falls, by definition, the revenue available to the program is going to fall."
Blowing Secondhand Smoke: New Research Uncovers False Claims Spread by Anti-Smoking Groups (Press Release Sent Out Today to Major Media Outlets)
Blowing Secondhand Smoke:
New Research Uncovers False Claims Spread by Anti-Smoking Groups
A new study published this week in the journal Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations reveals that many anti-smoking groups are deceiving the public by exaggerating the acute cardiovascular effects of secondhand smoke. The study’s author, Dr. Michael Siegel – a professor at Boston University School of Public Health – is a long-time anti-smoking advocate, researcher, and a supporter of workplace smoking bans who believes that many anti-smoking groups are acting unethically by misrepresenting the facts about secondhand smoke to the public and that this may harm their credibility and effectiveness in future efforts. The study, which provides a comprehensive review of the scientific evidence regarding the cardiovascular effects of brief exposure to secondhand smoke, is available on the journal’s web site at:
http://www.epi-perspectives.com/content/4/1/12/abstract.
The article provides a comprehensive review of the scientific evidence relevant to the acute cardiovascular health effects of secondhand smoke. It then evaluates claims made by at least 100 anti-smoking groups that brief exposure to secondhand smoke causes a number of severe health effects - including atherosclerosis, reduced coronary artery flow, heart damage, heart disease, heart attacks, fatal and catastrophic arrhythmias, and strokes - in otherwise healthy individuals (those without severe, pre-existing coronary artery disease).
The article concludes that: "Based on the analysis, it appears that a large number of anti-smoking organizations are making inaccurate claims that a single, acute, transient exposure to secondhand smoke can cause severe and even fatal cardiovascular events in healthy nonsmokers. The dissemination of inaccurate information by anti-smoking groups to the public in support of smoking bans is unfortunate because it may harm the tobacco control movement by undermining its credibility, reputation, and effectiveness. Disseminating inaccurate information also represents a violation of basic ethical principles that are a core value of public health practice that cannot and should not be sacrificed, even for a noble end such as protecting nonsmokers from secondhand smoke exposure. How the tobacco control movement responds to this crisis of credibility will go a long way towards determining the future effectiveness of the movement and its ability to continue to save lives and protect the public's health."
Among the groups implicated in making inaccurate and/or misleading health claims are Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights (ANR), Action on Smoking and Health (ASH), Smoke-Free Ohio, the New York City Department of Health, the Montana Tobacco Advisory Board, TobaccoScam, and the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids (TFK).
The article goes on to explain that provision of accurate health information to the public is a core ethical principle of public health practice. The right of the public to accurate and non-misleading health information is supported by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
The paper's final conclusion is as follows:
"While there is ample evidence that chronic exposure to secondhand smoke increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, and therefore heart attack risk, and there is some suggestive evidence that acute exposure to secondhand smoke may present some degree of risk to individuals with existing severe coronary artery disease, there appears to be no scientific basis for claims that brief, acute, transient exposure to secondhand smoke increases heart attack risk in individuals without coronary disease, that it increases such risk to the level observed in smokers, that it can cause atherosclerosis, that it can cause fatal or catastrophic cardiac arrhythmias, or that it represents any other significant acute cardiovascular health hazard in nonsmokers."
"In light of this, the claims that are being widely disseminated by a large number of tobacco control groups appear to be scientifically unjustified and inaccurate."
"The dissemination of inaccurate information by anti-smoking groups to the public in support of smoking bans is unfortunate because it may harm the tobacco control movement by undermining its credibility, reputation, and effectiveness."
"While anti-smoking groups may provide a utilitarian-based argument that these inaccurate and/or misleading communications are doing more good than harm in the long run because they are helping to promote smoke-free policies which will protect the public's health and save lives, the problem is that even if this were true, disseminating inaccurate information represents a violation of basic ethical principles that are a core value of public health practice that cannot and should not be sacrificed. The ends do not justify the means, especially when those means are violating principles of autonomy and self-determination that form the essential bases for free societies. These are values which cannot and should not be trodden upon by public health organizations simply to promote a favored policy."
Examples of Inaccurate and Misleading Claims by Anti-Smoking Groups,
with Links to Active Websites Containing these Claims
Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights: "Even a half hour of secondhand smoke exposure causes heart damage similar to that of habitual smokers. Nonsmokers’ heart arteries showed a reduced ability to dilate, diminishing the ability of the heart to get life-giving blood." [LINK]
Coalition for a Tobacco-Free
Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids: "as little as 30 minutes of exposure to secondhand smoke can trigger harmful cardiovascular changes, such as increased blood clotting, that increase the risk of a heart attack." [LINK]
DuPage County Health Department: "30 minutes exposure = stiffened, clogged arteries" [LINK]
Tobacco Public Policy Center: " A recent study completed by Japanese researchers concluded that just 30 minutes of exposure to secondhand smoke can lead to hardening of the arteries in nonsmokers." [LINK]
University of North Carolina Department of Family Medicine: "30 minutes of exposure = stiffened, clogged arteries" [LINK]
New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene: "Just 30 minutes of exposure to second-hand smoke produces some of the same physical reactions that would occur from long-term smoking, and increases the risk of heart disease in non-smokers." [LINK]
Clean Air for Everyone (C.A.F.E.)
Washington State Department of Health: "Only 30 minutes of secondhand smoke exposure may cause heart damage similar to that of regular smokers. This exposure can reduce the ability of the arteries close to the heart to expand, which reduces the ability of the heart to receive life-giving blood." [LINK]
Campaign for a Healthy and Responsible Tennessee: "The Journal of the American Medical Association reports that just 30 minutes of exposure to secondhand smoke changes blood chemistry and increases the risk of heart disease in non-smokers." [LINK]
Tobacco Free Coalitions of
Wednesday, October 17, 2007
Anti-Smoking Groups Insisting on Different Treatment of Smoking in Movies from Alcohol, Violence, and Sex
Not satisfied with the Motion Picture Association of America's (MPAA) decision to consider smoking in movies as a factor in movie ratings, anti-smoking groups, led by the SmokeFree Movies Campaign, have taken out another advertisement insisting that any non-historically correct depiction of smoking trigger an automatic R-rating.
The policy adopted by the MPAA states: "All smoking will be considered and depictions that glamorize smoking or movies that feature pervasive smoking outside of an historic or other
mitigating context may receive a higher rating...Additionally, when a film's rating is affected by the depiction of smoking, that rating will now include phrases such as 'glamorized smoking' or 'pervasive smoking'."
The policy that anti-smoking groups are calling for states that: "Any film that shows or implies tobacco should be rated 'R.' The only exceptions should be when the presentation of tobacco clearly and unambiguously reflects the dangers and consequences of tobacco use or is necessary to represent the smoking of a real historical figure."
The Rest of the Story
Two things don't make sense about the anti-smoking groups' desired policy.
First, why should smoking in movies be treated completely differently from alcohol, violence, nudity, and sex? The depiction of alcohol use in movies does not trigger an automatic R rating. The depiction of violence, nudity, or sex in movies does not trigger an automatic R rating. So why should the depiction of smoking?
I could understand the initiative better if it aimed to clear non-R movies of all smoking, alcohol use, nudity, sex, and violence (Of course, who would want to go to such a movie?). If the principle is that any depiction that could have adverse health consequences for children by demonstrating or glamorizing unhealthy behaviors should not be allowed in films that children can view on their own, then why single out smoking as the sole depiction that requires an automatic R rating? This doesn't make any sense.
Second, why should the historical correctness of smoking give it an exemption from the policy? If the depiction of smoking is going to kill 120,000 kids every year, then it is going to kill them whether the smoking is fictional or historical. Why would one exempt depictions of historically correct smoking if such depictions are going to contribute to 120,000 deaths per year? This doesn't make any sense.
Can you imagine a similar policy for violence? Any film that contains violence will receive an R rating. However, if a film contains violence that actually occurred, it may still be rated G, PG, or PG-13.
How about a similar policy for sex? The MPAA will not increase the rating of a movie that contains sex if that sex actually occurred.
I have come to the conclusion that this is all a bunch of mishegas and that the anti-smoking groups are out of touch with any semblance of reason. But as I am learning, the policies advocated by anti-smoking groups do not need to make sense. They only have to be intended to save the children.
The policy adopted by the MPAA states: "All smoking will be considered and depictions that glamorize smoking or movies that feature pervasive smoking outside of an historic or other
mitigating context may receive a higher rating...Additionally, when a film's rating is affected by the depiction of smoking, that rating will now include phrases such as 'glamorized smoking' or 'pervasive smoking'."
The policy that anti-smoking groups are calling for states that: "Any film that shows or implies tobacco should be rated 'R.' The only exceptions should be when the presentation of tobacco clearly and unambiguously reflects the dangers and consequences of tobacco use or is necessary to represent the smoking of a real historical figure."
The Rest of the Story
Two things don't make sense about the anti-smoking groups' desired policy.
First, why should smoking in movies be treated completely differently from alcohol, violence, nudity, and sex? The depiction of alcohol use in movies does not trigger an automatic R rating. The depiction of violence, nudity, or sex in movies does not trigger an automatic R rating. So why should the depiction of smoking?
I could understand the initiative better if it aimed to clear non-R movies of all smoking, alcohol use, nudity, sex, and violence (Of course, who would want to go to such a movie?). If the principle is that any depiction that could have adverse health consequences for children by demonstrating or glamorizing unhealthy behaviors should not be allowed in films that children can view on their own, then why single out smoking as the sole depiction that requires an automatic R rating? This doesn't make any sense.
Second, why should the historical correctness of smoking give it an exemption from the policy? If the depiction of smoking is going to kill 120,000 kids every year, then it is going to kill them whether the smoking is fictional or historical. Why would one exempt depictions of historically correct smoking if such depictions are going to contribute to 120,000 deaths per year? This doesn't make any sense.
Can you imagine a similar policy for violence? Any film that contains violence will receive an R rating. However, if a film contains violence that actually occurred, it may still be rated G, PG, or PG-13.
How about a similar policy for sex? The MPAA will not increase the rating of a movie that contains sex if that sex actually occurred.
I have come to the conclusion that this is all a bunch of mishegas and that the anti-smoking groups are out of touch with any semblance of reason. But as I am learning, the policies advocated by anti-smoking groups do not need to make sense. They only have to be intended to save the children.
Tuesday, October 16, 2007
More on My Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations Article: Highlighting the McCarthyism in the Tobacco Control Movement
While the primary conclusion of my article published yesterday in Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations is that a large number of anti-smoking organizations are making inaccurate claims that a single, acute, transient exposure to secondhand smoke can cause severe and even fatal cardiovascular events in healthy nonsmokers, the article also highlights the way in which I was treated by the tobacco control movement for being willing to advance this opinion.
In the article, I write: "In response to my questioning of the validity of these types of scientific claims being made by many anti-smoking groups, I have been personally attacked, publicly condemned, accused of being a traitor, accused of being funded by tobacco companies, called a fanatic, and have had my opinions censored by a prominent tobacco control policy discussion list-serve, from which I was expelled because advocates were apparently unhappy with my expressing dissent from the established dogma of the movement [76]. In my expulsion from the tobacco policy (tp-talk) discussion list-serve, I was informed told that the list-serve “made the dictatorial (but perhaps benevolent) decision to remove Mike Siegel from tp-talk today. I felt that his posts lately have interfered with the quality of the listserv messages. I suspect I'll be the subject of a blog posting about how he's been kicked off a tobacco control listserv, but I can deal with that” [76].
What is really being said is that I disagreed with some of the dogmatic views of the movement. In this case, that's what interference with the quality of the discussion means: disagreeing with the mentality of the movement. There is apparently no room for dissent in the tobacco control movement, and dissent is met not only with personal attacks, but with outright censorship. Unfortunately, the one type of response I have not received is a scientific justification for the claims that are being made or a refutation of my scientific arguments. The general approach has been to attack ad hominem, rather than to directly confront the arguments being made. For this reason, I have come to the impression that the tobacco control movement does not allow room for any difference of opinion, and that those who dissent with any aspect of the prevailing wisdom must be discredited, attacked, and silenced. I sense a rather McCarthyistic element in the tobacco control movement. Whether the scientific arguments I have made are valid or not is up for question and debate; the unwillingness of the movement to be willing to entertain a discussion of the validity of its scientific claims, on the other hand, is a dangerous element in a public health movement.
This may be exactly the type of problem that Rothman predicted in his commentary which suggested that focusing on the scientist rather than on the merits of the science could lead to a “new McCarthyism in science.” [77] Rothman argued that every piece of scientific work and criticism should be judged solely on its scientific merit, and that any attacks on these works should be science-based, not ad hominem attacks. My experience revealed that tobacco control advocates and groups are falling into this trap; the response to my critical pieces has consisted entirely of ad hominem attacks and has been devoid of any discussion of the scientific merits (or lack thereof) of my work."
The Rest of the Story
The reason I was expelled from the tobacco control list-serve is that they were not happy with my expressing opinions that questioned the validity of claims being made about secondhand smoke, no matter how obviously absurd those claims might be. No one actually challenged the scientific validity of my statements. They were just threatened by the fact that someone would have the gall to question the dogma of what I now realize is a religious-like faith. And so they ignored the science and went straight to the personal attack.
The worst thing in the world that you can do in the tobacco control movement is to have the gall to suggest that secondhand smoke isn't as immediately deadly as the movement is suggesting. That is one piece of dogma that is not subject to debate. Once a statement is made by an anti-smoking group, it takes on a Biblical-like quality. It cannot be challenged. Doing so is heresy. Doing so makes you subject to ex-communication from the movement.
Note that I acknowledge that discussion of the lack of scientific merit of my analysis and commentary would be fair game. If anti-smoking groups were actually defending their statements by demonstrating how and why their scientific claims are correct and my assertions are wrong, there would be no problem. I've learned, however, that the point is not to actually discuss the science. The point is that the gospel-like dogma of the tobacco control movement, especially as it relates to secondhand smoke, is simply not up for discussion or challenge.
Interestingly, in the same issue of Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations, Dr. James Enstrom presents his own story of being accused of scientific misconduct for accepting tobacco industry funding to complete a study which reported that secondhand smoke exposure was not associated with lung cancer.
As I highlighted in The Rest of the Story, the American Cancer Society accused Dr. Enstrom of scientific misconduct, apparently because they did not like the conclusions of his study, because as it turns out, there were no grounds for an academic misconduct accusation and Enstrom was cleared by the University of California of all such charges.
In his article, Enstrom too sees an element of McCarthyism in his treatment by the tobacco control movement: "Being able to distinguish between real and implied scientific misconduct is important to the integrity of science in general and to the integrity of individual scientists in particular. Falsely accusing an honest scientist of scientific misconduct is just as wrong as scientific misconduct itself. Implying that an honest scientist has committed scientific misconduct because he has published unpopular findings or has used an unpopular funding source is wrong and falls under the category of “scientific McCarthyism” [4]."
As I argued in my blog post regarding the American Cancer Society's attack on Enstrom, it appears that the ACS was using Dr. Enstrom as a fall guy for unfavorable research findings. There were no grounds for a scientific misconduct charge. It was a false accusation, and it was based solely on Enstrom's having published unfavorable findings and using an unpopular funding source. It does, therefore, fall under the category of scientific McCarthyism.
Dr. Enstrom also notes in his paper my role in questioning the statements of anti-smoking groups about the acute cardiovascular effects of secondhand smoke: "Michael Siegel, MD, MPH, a professor of social and behavioral sciences at Boston University School of Public Health and a prominent tobacco control researcher, told JAMA "We're really risking our credibility [as public health professionals or officials] by putting out rather absurd claims that you can be exposed briefly to secondhand smoke and you are going to come down with heart disease or cancer. People are going to look at that and say that's ridiculous." Siegel’s own paper expanding on this point is published alongside the present article [84]. Furthermore, since March 2005, Siegel has posted many detailed and insightful analyses regarding ETS and tobacco control on his personal website, “The Rest of the Story: Tobacco News Analysis and Commentary” [85]. Each post includes “Comments” from readers who provide additional insights. For instance, on June 28, 2006, he posted “Surgeon General's Communications Misrepresent Findings of Report; Tobacco Control Practitioners Appear Unable to Accurately Portray the Science” [86]."
I should note that for expressing my opinions, which in this case happen to be unfavorable to the anti-smoking movement, I have forfeited a continued career in tobacco control. There is no room in the movement for someone who questions this type of dogma.
One question that may occur to readers is whether there is anyone else in the tobacco control movement who supported me and expressed agreement with my opinions. The answer is: absolutely. However, most of these individuals were only willing to express their support privately. To express their support publicly would result in their own expulsion from the movement, and in some cases, the end of their careers. This is how the McCarthyism in the tobacco control movement works.
In the article, I write: "In response to my questioning of the validity of these types of scientific claims being made by many anti-smoking groups, I have been personally attacked, publicly condemned, accused of being a traitor, accused of being funded by tobacco companies, called a fanatic, and have had my opinions censored by a prominent tobacco control policy discussion list-serve, from which I was expelled because advocates were apparently unhappy with my expressing dissent from the established dogma of the movement [76]. In my expulsion from the tobacco policy (tp-talk) discussion list-serve, I was informed told that the list-serve “made the dictatorial (but perhaps benevolent) decision to remove Mike Siegel from tp-talk today. I felt that his posts lately have interfered with the quality of the listserv messages. I suspect I'll be the subject of a blog posting about how he's been kicked off a tobacco control listserv, but I can deal with that” [76].
What is really being said is that I disagreed with some of the dogmatic views of the movement. In this case, that's what interference with the quality of the discussion means: disagreeing with the mentality of the movement. There is apparently no room for dissent in the tobacco control movement, and dissent is met not only with personal attacks, but with outright censorship. Unfortunately, the one type of response I have not received is a scientific justification for the claims that are being made or a refutation of my scientific arguments. The general approach has been to attack ad hominem, rather than to directly confront the arguments being made. For this reason, I have come to the impression that the tobacco control movement does not allow room for any difference of opinion, and that those who dissent with any aspect of the prevailing wisdom must be discredited, attacked, and silenced. I sense a rather McCarthyistic element in the tobacco control movement. Whether the scientific arguments I have made are valid or not is up for question and debate; the unwillingness of the movement to be willing to entertain a discussion of the validity of its scientific claims, on the other hand, is a dangerous element in a public health movement.
This may be exactly the type of problem that Rothman predicted in his commentary which suggested that focusing on the scientist rather than on the merits of the science could lead to a “new McCarthyism in science.” [77] Rothman argued that every piece of scientific work and criticism should be judged solely on its scientific merit, and that any attacks on these works should be science-based, not ad hominem attacks. My experience revealed that tobacco control advocates and groups are falling into this trap; the response to my critical pieces has consisted entirely of ad hominem attacks and has been devoid of any discussion of the scientific merits (or lack thereof) of my work."
The Rest of the Story
The reason I was expelled from the tobacco control list-serve is that they were not happy with my expressing opinions that questioned the validity of claims being made about secondhand smoke, no matter how obviously absurd those claims might be. No one actually challenged the scientific validity of my statements. They were just threatened by the fact that someone would have the gall to question the dogma of what I now realize is a religious-like faith. And so they ignored the science and went straight to the personal attack.
The worst thing in the world that you can do in the tobacco control movement is to have the gall to suggest that secondhand smoke isn't as immediately deadly as the movement is suggesting. That is one piece of dogma that is not subject to debate. Once a statement is made by an anti-smoking group, it takes on a Biblical-like quality. It cannot be challenged. Doing so is heresy. Doing so makes you subject to ex-communication from the movement.
Note that I acknowledge that discussion of the lack of scientific merit of my analysis and commentary would be fair game. If anti-smoking groups were actually defending their statements by demonstrating how and why their scientific claims are correct and my assertions are wrong, there would be no problem. I've learned, however, that the point is not to actually discuss the science. The point is that the gospel-like dogma of the tobacco control movement, especially as it relates to secondhand smoke, is simply not up for discussion or challenge.
Interestingly, in the same issue of Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations, Dr. James Enstrom presents his own story of being accused of scientific misconduct for accepting tobacco industry funding to complete a study which reported that secondhand smoke exposure was not associated with lung cancer.
As I highlighted in The Rest of the Story, the American Cancer Society accused Dr. Enstrom of scientific misconduct, apparently because they did not like the conclusions of his study, because as it turns out, there were no grounds for an academic misconduct accusation and Enstrom was cleared by the University of California of all such charges.
In his article, Enstrom too sees an element of McCarthyism in his treatment by the tobacco control movement: "Being able to distinguish between real and implied scientific misconduct is important to the integrity of science in general and to the integrity of individual scientists in particular. Falsely accusing an honest scientist of scientific misconduct is just as wrong as scientific misconduct itself. Implying that an honest scientist has committed scientific misconduct because he has published unpopular findings or has used an unpopular funding source is wrong and falls under the category of “scientific McCarthyism” [4]."
As I argued in my blog post regarding the American Cancer Society's attack on Enstrom, it appears that the ACS was using Dr. Enstrom as a fall guy for unfavorable research findings. There were no grounds for a scientific misconduct charge. It was a false accusation, and it was based solely on Enstrom's having published unfavorable findings and using an unpopular funding source. It does, therefore, fall under the category of scientific McCarthyism.
Dr. Enstrom also notes in his paper my role in questioning the statements of anti-smoking groups about the acute cardiovascular effects of secondhand smoke: "Michael Siegel, MD, MPH, a professor of social and behavioral sciences at Boston University School of Public Health and a prominent tobacco control researcher, told JAMA "We're really risking our credibility [as public health professionals or officials] by putting out rather absurd claims that you can be exposed briefly to secondhand smoke and you are going to come down with heart disease or cancer. People are going to look at that and say that's ridiculous." Siegel’s own paper expanding on this point is published alongside the present article [84]. Furthermore, since March 2005, Siegel has posted many detailed and insightful analyses regarding ETS and tobacco control on his personal website, “The Rest of the Story: Tobacco News Analysis and Commentary” [85]. Each post includes “Comments” from readers who provide additional insights. For instance, on June 28, 2006, he posted “Surgeon General's Communications Misrepresent Findings of Report; Tobacco Control Practitioners Appear Unable to Accurately Portray the Science” [86]."
I should note that for expressing my opinions, which in this case happen to be unfavorable to the anti-smoking movement, I have forfeited a continued career in tobacco control. There is no room in the movement for someone who questions this type of dogma.
One question that may occur to readers is whether there is anyone else in the tobacco control movement who supported me and expressed agreement with my opinions. The answer is: absolutely. However, most of these individuals were only willing to express their support privately. To express their support publicly would result in their own expulsion from the movement, and in some cases, the end of their careers. This is how the McCarthyism in the tobacco control movement works.
Monday, October 15, 2007
New Journal Article Demonstrates Widespread Misrepresentation of Acute Cardiovascular Health Effects of Secondhand Smoke by Anti-Smoking Groups
An article that I published today in the journal Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations reveals that anti-smoking groups have been widely disseminating communications which misrepresent the acute cardiovascular health effects of secondhand smoke (see: Siegel M. Is the tobacco control movement misrepresenting the acute cardiovascular health effects of secondhand smoke exposure? An analysis of the scientific evidence and commentary on the implications for tobacco control and public health practice. Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations 2007; 4:12).
The article provides a comprehensive review of the scientific evidence relevant to the acute cardiovascular health effects of secondhand smoke. It then evaluates claims made by at least 100 anti-smoking groups that brief exposure to secondhand smoke causes a number of severe health effects - including atherosclerosis, reduced coronary artery flow, heart damage, heart disease, heart attacks, fatal and catastrophic arrhythmias, and strokes - in otherwise healthy individuals (those without severe, pre-existing coronary artery disease).
The article concludes that: "Based on the analysis, it appears that a large number of anti-smoking organizations are making inaccurate claims that a single, acute, transient exposure to secondhand smoke can cause severe and even fatal cardiovascular events in healthy nonsmokers. The dissemination of inaccurate information by anti-smoking groups to the public in support of smoking bans is unfortunate because it may harm the tobacco control movement by undermining its credibility, reputation, and effectiveness. Disseminating inaccurate information also represents a violation of basic ethical principles that are a core value of public health practice that cannot and should not be sacrificed, even for a noble end such as protecting nonsmokers from secondhand smoke exposure. How the tobacco control movement responds to this crisis of credibility will go a long way towards determining the future effectiveness of the movement and its ability to continue to save lives and protect the public's health."
Among the groups implicated in making inaccurate and/or misleading health claims are Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights (ANR), Action on Smoking and Health (ASH), Smoke-Free Ohio, the New York City Department of Health, the Montana Tobacco Advisory Board, TobaccoScam, and the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids (TFK).
The article goes on to explain that provision of accurate health information to the public is a core ethical principle of public health practice. The right of the public to accurate and non-misleading health information is supported by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
The paper's final conclusion is as follows:
"While there is ample evidence that chronic exposure to secondhand smoke increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, and therefore heart attack risk, and there is some suggestive evidence that acute exposure to secondhand smoke may present some degree of risk to individuals with existing severe coronary artery disease, there appears to be no scientific basis for claims that brief, acute, transient exposure to secondhand smoke increases heart attack risk in individuals without coronary disease, that it increases such risk to the level observed in smokers, that it can cause atherosclerosis, that it can cause fatal or catastrophic cardiac arrhythmias, or that it represents any other significant acute cardiovascular health hazard in nonsmokers."
"In light of this, the claims that are being widely disseminated by a large number of tobacco control groups appear to be scientifically unjustified and inaccurate."
"The dissemination of inaccurate information by anti-smoking groups to the public in support of smoking bans is unfortunate because it may harm the tobacco control movement by undermining its credibility, reputation, and effectiveness."
"While anti-smoking groups may provide a utilitarian-based argument that these inaccurate and/or misleading communications are doing more good than harm in the long run because they are helping to promote smoke-free policies which will protect the public's health and save lives, the problem is that even if this were true, disseminating inaccurate information represents a violation of basic ethical principles that are a core value of public health practice that cannot and should not be sacrificed. The ends do not justify the means, especially when those means are violating principles of autonomy and self-determination that form the essential bases for free societies. These are values which cannot and should not be trodden upon by public health organizations simply to promote a favored policy."
The Rest of the Story
The tobacco control movement now faces a crisis of its scientific credibility. Given the widespread misrepresentation of the science that has taken place, the public may now question even the valid aspects of the communications that the movement is disseminating.
As I stated in the article, I believe that "How the tobacco control movement responds to this crisis of credibility will go a long way towards determining the future effectiveness of the movement and its ability to continue to save lives and protect the public's health."
It is critical that the tobacco control movement and the organizations that have been implicated in this deception respond definitively to this crisis. Otherwise, my fear is that the public may "throw out the baby with the bath water."
In other words, I fear that the public does not have the ability to discern what communications are accurate and which are misleading. Rather than retaining respect for the scientific integrity of the tobacco control movement and simply acknowledging these misrepresentations as an isolated event, the public may well dismiss all statements that tobacco control organizations make.
If the tobacco control organizations involved, especially the leading groups such as Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights, TobaccoScam, the American Cancer Society, ASH, and the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, respond definitively by apologizing for these misleading statements, correcting or clarifying them, and being more careful in the future, then I believe the deception that has occurred will eventually be forgotten.
However, if the organizations do not respond definitively, I fear that the reputation of the movement will be permanently tainted.
I should emphasize, however, that the reputation and future effectiveness of the movement is not my only concern. I believe that truth itself, and the ethical responsibility to provide accurate scientific information to the public, demand that tobacco control groups respond definitively in the way I describe above. It is not a game that we are playing. We have the responsibility to adhere to a certain ethical code of conduct in public health practice. We have veered off the path and are violating those core principles. It is time to get the movement back on track. The public has the right to accurate and non-misleading health information. I do not believe that we have a choice to make. We owe it to the public to do the right thing.
The article provides a comprehensive review of the scientific evidence relevant to the acute cardiovascular health effects of secondhand smoke. It then evaluates claims made by at least 100 anti-smoking groups that brief exposure to secondhand smoke causes a number of severe health effects - including atherosclerosis, reduced coronary artery flow, heart damage, heart disease, heart attacks, fatal and catastrophic arrhythmias, and strokes - in otherwise healthy individuals (those without severe, pre-existing coronary artery disease).
The article concludes that: "Based on the analysis, it appears that a large number of anti-smoking organizations are making inaccurate claims that a single, acute, transient exposure to secondhand smoke can cause severe and even fatal cardiovascular events in healthy nonsmokers. The dissemination of inaccurate information by anti-smoking groups to the public in support of smoking bans is unfortunate because it may harm the tobacco control movement by undermining its credibility, reputation, and effectiveness. Disseminating inaccurate information also represents a violation of basic ethical principles that are a core value of public health practice that cannot and should not be sacrificed, even for a noble end such as protecting nonsmokers from secondhand smoke exposure. How the tobacco control movement responds to this crisis of credibility will go a long way towards determining the future effectiveness of the movement and its ability to continue to save lives and protect the public's health."
Among the groups implicated in making inaccurate and/or misleading health claims are Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights (ANR), Action on Smoking and Health (ASH), Smoke-Free Ohio, the New York City Department of Health, the Montana Tobacco Advisory Board, TobaccoScam, and the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids (TFK).
The article goes on to explain that provision of accurate health information to the public is a core ethical principle of public health practice. The right of the public to accurate and non-misleading health information is supported by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
The paper's final conclusion is as follows:
"While there is ample evidence that chronic exposure to secondhand smoke increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, and therefore heart attack risk, and there is some suggestive evidence that acute exposure to secondhand smoke may present some degree of risk to individuals with existing severe coronary artery disease, there appears to be no scientific basis for claims that brief, acute, transient exposure to secondhand smoke increases heart attack risk in individuals without coronary disease, that it increases such risk to the level observed in smokers, that it can cause atherosclerosis, that it can cause fatal or catastrophic cardiac arrhythmias, or that it represents any other significant acute cardiovascular health hazard in nonsmokers."
"In light of this, the claims that are being widely disseminated by a large number of tobacco control groups appear to be scientifically unjustified and inaccurate."
"The dissemination of inaccurate information by anti-smoking groups to the public in support of smoking bans is unfortunate because it may harm the tobacco control movement by undermining its credibility, reputation, and effectiveness."
"While anti-smoking groups may provide a utilitarian-based argument that these inaccurate and/or misleading communications are doing more good than harm in the long run because they are helping to promote smoke-free policies which will protect the public's health and save lives, the problem is that even if this were true, disseminating inaccurate information represents a violation of basic ethical principles that are a core value of public health practice that cannot and should not be sacrificed. The ends do not justify the means, especially when those means are violating principles of autonomy and self-determination that form the essential bases for free societies. These are values which cannot and should not be trodden upon by public health organizations simply to promote a favored policy."
The Rest of the Story
The tobacco control movement now faces a crisis of its scientific credibility. Given the widespread misrepresentation of the science that has taken place, the public may now question even the valid aspects of the communications that the movement is disseminating.
As I stated in the article, I believe that "How the tobacco control movement responds to this crisis of credibility will go a long way towards determining the future effectiveness of the movement and its ability to continue to save lives and protect the public's health."
It is critical that the tobacco control movement and the organizations that have been implicated in this deception respond definitively to this crisis. Otherwise, my fear is that the public may "throw out the baby with the bath water."
In other words, I fear that the public does not have the ability to discern what communications are accurate and which are misleading. Rather than retaining respect for the scientific integrity of the tobacco control movement and simply acknowledging these misrepresentations as an isolated event, the public may well dismiss all statements that tobacco control organizations make.
If the tobacco control organizations involved, especially the leading groups such as Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights, TobaccoScam, the American Cancer Society, ASH, and the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, respond definitively by apologizing for these misleading statements, correcting or clarifying them, and being more careful in the future, then I believe the deception that has occurred will eventually be forgotten.
However, if the organizations do not respond definitively, I fear that the reputation of the movement will be permanently tainted.
I should emphasize, however, that the reputation and future effectiveness of the movement is not my only concern. I believe that truth itself, and the ethical responsibility to provide accurate scientific information to the public, demand that tobacco control groups respond definitively in the way I describe above. It is not a game that we are playing. We have the responsibility to adhere to a certain ethical code of conduct in public health practice. We have veered off the path and are violating those core principles. It is time to get the movement back on track. The public has the right to accurate and non-misleading health information. I do not believe that we have a choice to make. We owe it to the public to do the right thing.
Friday, October 12, 2007
California Bans Smoking in Cars with Children
California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger this week signed into law a bill that bans smoking in cars with children present. The law provides for fines of up to $100 for anyone smoking in a car with a child under the age of 18. The legislation makes smoking in a car a secondary offense, meaning that the police cannot stop a motorist merely for violating this law. A motorist could only be charged if he or she were to be stopped for some other moving vehicle violation.
According to an article in the San Diego Union-Tribune: "The bill's author, state Sen. Jenny Oropeza, D-Long Beach, ... said the new law will protect children against secondhand smoke. A Harvard School of Public Health report issued last year said secondhand smoke in cars can be up to 10 times more of a health risk than secondhand smoke in a home. 'Protecting the health of our children is among government's highest responsibilities,' Oropeza said in a statement. 'It is clear that increasing public awareness about the dangers of secondhand smoke is the right thing to do.'”
The Rest of the Story
This is nothing other than a feel-good law which allows legislators to feel good about having done something that they can claim will protect children from secondhand smoke, but without having to muster the courage to actually do something that will make a difference.
To me, this is an example of policy makers at their worst. It is an example of pure political rhetoric without any substance, of cowing down to political correctness without any semblance of principle or courage.
Let me make it clear from the outset that I oppose bans on smoking in cars with children, whether they would reduce secondhand smoke exposure among children in cars or not. I believe that such policies represent an undue intrusion into parental privacy and autonomy. I do not believe that government should interfere with parental decisions regarding health risks to which they expose their children unless these risks cause immediate and direct harm or represent risks so severe that they could be life-threatening.
But even if I were to agree that banning smoking in cars were a sound idea, there is absolutely no point in passing a law that makes this violation merely a secondary offense. What this does is make the law completely unenforceable. It basically sends a message to smokers that they need not pay attention to the law.
What California policy makers are saying is: "Secondhand smoke is such a severe health hazard to children that we must interfere with parental autonomy in order to protect children from even brief exposure; however, it is not such a severe health hazard that we actually want to be able to enforce the law and actually protect children from this exposure."
To rephrase that, what California policy makers are saying is: "We want to appear to really care about kids, so we've passed this law that will allow us to say that we care. However, we don't have the courage to do something that will actually protect kids. Making this a primary offense might lead to some political vulnerability, and we're not willing to face that in order to protect the health of our state's children. But we do want to be able to feel good about ourselves and be to be able to pretend that we have done something to help our kids."
According to an article in the San Diego Union-Tribune: "The bill's author, state Sen. Jenny Oropeza, D-Long Beach, ... said the new law will protect children against secondhand smoke. A Harvard School of Public Health report issued last year said secondhand smoke in cars can be up to 10 times more of a health risk than secondhand smoke in a home. 'Protecting the health of our children is among government's highest responsibilities,' Oropeza said in a statement. 'It is clear that increasing public awareness about the dangers of secondhand smoke is the right thing to do.'”
The Rest of the Story
This is nothing other than a feel-good law which allows legislators to feel good about having done something that they can claim will protect children from secondhand smoke, but without having to muster the courage to actually do something that will make a difference.
To me, this is an example of policy makers at their worst. It is an example of pure political rhetoric without any substance, of cowing down to political correctness without any semblance of principle or courage.
Let me make it clear from the outset that I oppose bans on smoking in cars with children, whether they would reduce secondhand smoke exposure among children in cars or not. I believe that such policies represent an undue intrusion into parental privacy and autonomy. I do not believe that government should interfere with parental decisions regarding health risks to which they expose their children unless these risks cause immediate and direct harm or represent risks so severe that they could be life-threatening.
But even if I were to agree that banning smoking in cars were a sound idea, there is absolutely no point in passing a law that makes this violation merely a secondary offense. What this does is make the law completely unenforceable. It basically sends a message to smokers that they need not pay attention to the law.
What California policy makers are saying is: "Secondhand smoke is such a severe health hazard to children that we must interfere with parental autonomy in order to protect children from even brief exposure; however, it is not such a severe health hazard that we actually want to be able to enforce the law and actually protect children from this exposure."
To rephrase that, what California policy makers are saying is: "We want to appear to really care about kids, so we've passed this law that will allow us to say that we care. However, we don't have the courage to do something that will actually protect kids. Making this a primary offense might lead to some political vulnerability, and we're not willing to face that in order to protect the health of our state's children. But we do want to be able to feel good about ourselves and be to be able to pretend that we have done something to help our kids."
Thursday, October 11, 2007
APHA Calls Camel No. 9 Cigarettes a Threat to Health
According to an article in the October issue of The Nation's Health, the American Public Health Association (APHA) is calling on the removal of Camel No. 9 cigarettes from the market, calling them a threat to health.
The article, entitled "New cigarette a threat to health," states: "APHA is calling on the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company to remove its Camel No. 9 cigarettes from stores across the country, describing the company's marketing campaign as a threat to the health of teen girls and young women. In an August news release from the American Legacy Foundation, APHA and other anti-tobacco advocates took the company to task for its new Camel No. 9 ads, which feature black, bright pink and teal colors, a female-friendly design and a name similar to women's fashion icons, such as Chanel No. 5 perfume. ... APHA Executive Director Georges Benjamin, MD, FACP... stated 'There is nothing stylish or glamorous about these tragic premature deaths. With more than 80 percent of smokers starting smoking before their 18th birthdays, it is imperative that we speak out strongly against a new cigarette brand with such blatant appeal to teenage girls.'"
The Rest of the Story
I just don't get it.
This new cigarette is a threat to health, but all the existing cigarettes are not?
Camel advertising, which so far has been only mildly effective with teenage girls, is unacceptable, while Marlboro advertising, which has been effective in making Marlboro the brand of choice for teenage girls, is not?
Black, pink and teal colors are unacceptable in advertising but sleek black and green are OK?
Using a name similar to Chanel No. 5 is unacceptable, but calling your brand Virginia Slims is fine?
Camel ads which are stylish or glamorous are unacceptable, but ads for other cigarette brands which are stylish or glamorous are OK?
Camel No. 9 is a threat to the health of teen girls and young women, but Virginia Slims, Marlboro, Newport, Capri, Eve, Misty, and other varieties of Camel are not a health threat?
The APHA feels a need to speak out against a new brand with appeal to girls, but not against all the existing brands?
In my view, this whole campaign demanding that Camel No. 9 be removed from the market is making a farce out of tobacco control. Are we really so shallow that what bothers us is the color of the packaging of the cigarettes, rather than the fact that they are killing people? Are cigarettes acceptable if they target men, but not if they target women? And if the concern is youth smoking, then why are only Camel No. 9 cigarettes a problem, when the overwhelming majority of youths are smoking Marlboro, Newport, and regular old Camel cigarettes?
The headline "New cigarette a threat to health" implies that existing cigarettes are not a threat to health. Is this really the message that the nation's chief public health association wants to be sending?
I don't really understand what is happening in tobacco control these days, but it appears that we are operating based on knee-jerk reactions, rather than on sound principles, planning, and scientific and policy analysis.
The article, entitled "New cigarette a threat to health," states: "APHA is calling on the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company to remove its Camel No. 9 cigarettes from stores across the country, describing the company's marketing campaign as a threat to the health of teen girls and young women. In an August news release from the American Legacy Foundation, APHA and other anti-tobacco advocates took the company to task for its new Camel No. 9 ads, which feature black, bright pink and teal colors, a female-friendly design and a name similar to women's fashion icons, such as Chanel No. 5 perfume. ... APHA Executive Director Georges Benjamin, MD, FACP... stated 'There is nothing stylish or glamorous about these tragic premature deaths. With more than 80 percent of smokers starting smoking before their 18th birthdays, it is imperative that we speak out strongly against a new cigarette brand with such blatant appeal to teenage girls.'"
The Rest of the Story
I just don't get it.
This new cigarette is a threat to health, but all the existing cigarettes are not?
Camel advertising, which so far has been only mildly effective with teenage girls, is unacceptable, while Marlboro advertising, which has been effective in making Marlboro the brand of choice for teenage girls, is not?
Black, pink and teal colors are unacceptable in advertising but sleek black and green are OK?
Using a name similar to Chanel No. 5 is unacceptable, but calling your brand Virginia Slims is fine?
Camel ads which are stylish or glamorous are unacceptable, but ads for other cigarette brands which are stylish or glamorous are OK?
Camel No. 9 is a threat to the health of teen girls and young women, but Virginia Slims, Marlboro, Newport, Capri, Eve, Misty, and other varieties of Camel are not a health threat?
The APHA feels a need to speak out against a new brand with appeal to girls, but not against all the existing brands?
In my view, this whole campaign demanding that Camel No. 9 be removed from the market is making a farce out of tobacco control. Are we really so shallow that what bothers us is the color of the packaging of the cigarettes, rather than the fact that they are killing people? Are cigarettes acceptable if they target men, but not if they target women? And if the concern is youth smoking, then why are only Camel No. 9 cigarettes a problem, when the overwhelming majority of youths are smoking Marlboro, Newport, and regular old Camel cigarettes?
The headline "New cigarette a threat to health" implies that existing cigarettes are not a threat to health. Is this really the message that the nation's chief public health association wants to be sending?
I don't really understand what is happening in tobacco control these days, but it appears that we are operating based on knee-jerk reactions, rather than on sound principles, planning, and scientific and policy analysis.
Wednesday, October 10, 2007
Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids Deceives Congress About Nature of Public Support for FDA Tobacco Legislation; Testimony Presents Junk Science
In testimony Wednesday before the Health Subcommittee of the U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce, the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids told Congress that there is "particularly strong" public support for the "specific provisions" of the proposed FDA legislation.
The legislation, which would grant very limited authority to the FDA to regulate tobacco products, has already been approved by a Senate Committee.
According to its testimony: "The Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids has measured voter support for FDA regulation of tobacco products and, not surprisingly, it has broad support across the country from 70 percent of voters in a national poll. State surveys from around the country have consistently found similar high levels of support, crossing party and ideological lines. It even has majority support among smokers. Voter support is particularly strong for the specific provisions of FDA regulation. When asked whether tobacco companies should be required to take measures to make cigarettes less harmful; whether tobacco companies should be prevented from making claims that some products are less harmful than others unless FDA determines those claims are true; or whether FDA should restrict tobacco marketing aimed at children, voter support for each of these elements exceeds 75 percent. It is truly time for Congress to act."
The Rest of the Story
The Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids' testimony is terribly misleading. It implies that voter support for the key specific provisions of the FDA legislation has been measured and that voters overwhelmingly support these provisions. Nothing could be further from the truth.
While the Campaign mentions support for three of the specific provisions -- requiring tobacco companies to remove or eliminate certain tobacco smoke constituents, preventing companies from making deceptive health claims, and restricting tobacco marketing aimed at kids -- the Campaign fails to mention whether or not the public supports the more important and certainly more controversial provisions of the legislation: those provisions which were inserted to protect the financial interests of Philip Morris.
So, for example, the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids' polls did not assess the degree of public support for the provision in the legislation which precludes the FDA from raising the age of purchase of cigarettes in order to deter youth smoking.
The Campaign also failed to assess the degree of public support for the provision which precludes the FDA from eliminating nicotine entirely from cigarettes.
The Campaign similarly failed to assess the degree of public support for the Congressional veto provision of the legislation, which allows Congress to overturn any regulation the tobacco industry doesn't like with a simple majority vote.
Furthermore, the Campaign failed to assess the degree of public support for the provision which prohibits the FDA from regulating the sale of tobacco products at particular types of retail outlets. How many people out there actually would support limiting the ability of the FDA to eliminate the sale of cigarettes at youth or community centers? How many people feel that the FDA should not be able to keep cigarettes out of the hands of kids by restricting the types of outlets where cigarettes can be sold?
Moreover, the Campaign failed to assess the degree of public support for the provision which precludes the FDA from making cigarettes available on a prescription-only basis.
In addition, the Campaign failed to assess the degree of public support for the provision which exempts menthol from the list of flavorings that can be added to cigarettes to try to entice potential customers. What exactly does the public think about banning strawberry and chocolate -- which are not even used -- but allowing the continued use of menthol, which contributes to the addiction of millions of users?
In light of these blatant omissions from their public opinion polls, just how accurate is it for the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids to testify that "Voter support is particularly strong for the specific provisions of FDA regulation"?
I'll tell you - it's not very accurate at all. In fact, it is inappropriately deceptive. It is manipulative. It is dishonest.
How ironic that what the Campaign is testifying in favor of is a bill intended to prevent the tobacco companies from making misleading public statements.
The public opinion polls conducted by the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids are junk science at its worst. These polls are not intended to actually measure public support for the specific legislation at hand. Instead, they are simply part of a lobbying campaign to generate support for the legislation by falsely showing that public support for the specific legislation is high. In fact, all the polls demonstrate is that support for the general idea of FDA regulation of tobacco products is high. But they do not demonstrate that the public actually agrees with the specific provisions of this bill, especially the myriad provisions which were inserted specifically by Philip Morris (or at least to appease Philip Morris), which was the key negotiator at the table where the deal was struck that led to this legislation.
The Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids has taken not one, but two pages out of the tobacco industry playbook. First, deceiving the public by hiding a large part of the truth. Second, relying upon junk science - using supposedly scientific methods to have the appearance of supporting a proposition that is actually not supported.
To be honest, I've seen a lot more deception out of the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids these days than I have from the tobacco companies. Perhaps we should be considering legislation to require pre-approval of claims made by the Campaign so that it can be determined that these claims are accurate and not misleading.
The legislation, which would grant very limited authority to the FDA to regulate tobacco products, has already been approved by a Senate Committee.
According to its testimony: "The Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids has measured voter support for FDA regulation of tobacco products and, not surprisingly, it has broad support across the country from 70 percent of voters in a national poll. State surveys from around the country have consistently found similar high levels of support, crossing party and ideological lines. It even has majority support among smokers. Voter support is particularly strong for the specific provisions of FDA regulation. When asked whether tobacco companies should be required to take measures to make cigarettes less harmful; whether tobacco companies should be prevented from making claims that some products are less harmful than others unless FDA determines those claims are true; or whether FDA should restrict tobacco marketing aimed at children, voter support for each of these elements exceeds 75 percent. It is truly time for Congress to act."
The Rest of the Story
The Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids' testimony is terribly misleading. It implies that voter support for the key specific provisions of the FDA legislation has been measured and that voters overwhelmingly support these provisions. Nothing could be further from the truth.
While the Campaign mentions support for three of the specific provisions -- requiring tobacco companies to remove or eliminate certain tobacco smoke constituents, preventing companies from making deceptive health claims, and restricting tobacco marketing aimed at kids -- the Campaign fails to mention whether or not the public supports the more important and certainly more controversial provisions of the legislation: those provisions which were inserted to protect the financial interests of Philip Morris.
So, for example, the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids' polls did not assess the degree of public support for the provision in the legislation which precludes the FDA from raising the age of purchase of cigarettes in order to deter youth smoking.
The Campaign also failed to assess the degree of public support for the provision which precludes the FDA from eliminating nicotine entirely from cigarettes.
The Campaign similarly failed to assess the degree of public support for the Congressional veto provision of the legislation, which allows Congress to overturn any regulation the tobacco industry doesn't like with a simple majority vote.
Furthermore, the Campaign failed to assess the degree of public support for the provision which prohibits the FDA from regulating the sale of tobacco products at particular types of retail outlets. How many people out there actually would support limiting the ability of the FDA to eliminate the sale of cigarettes at youth or community centers? How many people feel that the FDA should not be able to keep cigarettes out of the hands of kids by restricting the types of outlets where cigarettes can be sold?
Moreover, the Campaign failed to assess the degree of public support for the provision which precludes the FDA from making cigarettes available on a prescription-only basis.
In addition, the Campaign failed to assess the degree of public support for the provision which exempts menthol from the list of flavorings that can be added to cigarettes to try to entice potential customers. What exactly does the public think about banning strawberry and chocolate -- which are not even used -- but allowing the continued use of menthol, which contributes to the addiction of millions of users?
In light of these blatant omissions from their public opinion polls, just how accurate is it for the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids to testify that "Voter support is particularly strong for the specific provisions of FDA regulation"?
I'll tell you - it's not very accurate at all. In fact, it is inappropriately deceptive. It is manipulative. It is dishonest.
How ironic that what the Campaign is testifying in favor of is a bill intended to prevent the tobacco companies from making misleading public statements.
The public opinion polls conducted by the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids are junk science at its worst. These polls are not intended to actually measure public support for the specific legislation at hand. Instead, they are simply part of a lobbying campaign to generate support for the legislation by falsely showing that public support for the specific legislation is high. In fact, all the polls demonstrate is that support for the general idea of FDA regulation of tobacco products is high. But they do not demonstrate that the public actually agrees with the specific provisions of this bill, especially the myriad provisions which were inserted specifically by Philip Morris (or at least to appease Philip Morris), which was the key negotiator at the table where the deal was struck that led to this legislation.
The Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids has taken not one, but two pages out of the tobacco industry playbook. First, deceiving the public by hiding a large part of the truth. Second, relying upon junk science - using supposedly scientific methods to have the appearance of supporting a proposition that is actually not supported.
To be honest, I've seen a lot more deception out of the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids these days than I have from the tobacco companies. Perhaps we should be considering legislation to require pre-approval of claims made by the Campaign so that it can be determined that these claims are accurate and not misleading.
FDA Chief Rejects Proposal to Regulate Tobacco Products; Argues it Would Undermine the Public Health Role of the Agency
In an embarrassing blow to supporters of a proposal by which the FDA would assume jurisdiction over the safety of deadly tobacco products, the head of the FDA -- Dr. Andrew von Eschenbach -- testified Wednesday that he wants no part in the idea and feels that it would undermine the underlying mission of the FDA.
Dr. Von Eschenbach did not attend the hearing in person because he was not afforded the usual courtesy -- almost always provided to Administration officials -- of being asked to provide individual testimony (rather than being part of a panel).
In balking at the proposal, which is widely supported by anti-smoking groups, the current FDA Commissioner argued that asking the Agency to approve a product which is inherently dangerous runs counter to the basic mission of the FDA: to ensure the safety of the nation's food and drug supply. In addition, he stated that such a task would be a huge diversion that would make it more difficult for the Agency to carry out its mission.
The Rest of the Story
It is certainly not a good sign when the head of the agency that you wish to imbue with regulatory responsibility not only rejects that notion, but argues that doing so would undermine the basic public health mission of the agency.
Dr. von Eschenbach is right. What sense does it make to ask the FDA to approve a product that is inherently hazardous? How can the FDA approve such a product for sale in the United States? Why would we want the government to become in part responsible for the deaths of thousands of American consumers by virtue of having approved a product that caused those deaths?
The FDA Commissioner's message is loud and clear. It is time for the anti-smoking groups to go back to the drawing board and develop a more sensible national strategy for the prevention and control of tobacco use.
The debate over FDA legislation has become a huge diversion that is distracting attention away from what otherwise could have been a wonderful opportunity to enact a meaningful policy to reduce tobacco use and save countless lives.
Dr. Von Eschenbach did not attend the hearing in person because he was not afforded the usual courtesy -- almost always provided to Administration officials -- of being asked to provide individual testimony (rather than being part of a panel).
In balking at the proposal, which is widely supported by anti-smoking groups, the current FDA Commissioner argued that asking the Agency to approve a product which is inherently dangerous runs counter to the basic mission of the FDA: to ensure the safety of the nation's food and drug supply. In addition, he stated that such a task would be a huge diversion that would make it more difficult for the Agency to carry out its mission.
The Rest of the Story
It is certainly not a good sign when the head of the agency that you wish to imbue with regulatory responsibility not only rejects that notion, but argues that doing so would undermine the basic public health mission of the agency.
Dr. von Eschenbach is right. What sense does it make to ask the FDA to approve a product that is inherently hazardous? How can the FDA approve such a product for sale in the United States? Why would we want the government to become in part responsible for the deaths of thousands of American consumers by virtue of having approved a product that caused those deaths?
The FDA Commissioner's message is loud and clear. It is time for the anti-smoking groups to go back to the drawing board and develop a more sensible national strategy for the prevention and control of tobacco use.
The debate over FDA legislation has become a huge diversion that is distracting attention away from what otherwise could have been a wonderful opportunity to enact a meaningful policy to reduce tobacco use and save countless lives.
IN MY VIEW: Proposed FDA Tobacco Product Safety Standards Make No Sense, and Have No Confirmed Connection with Safety
Here is a challenge question for everyone out there.
Below are two lists of chemical ingredients in cigarettes and tobacco smoke. The first list is a partial, current list of ingredients and constituents. The second list is the same, but has 20 hazardous chemicals removed.
In a sense, this is a simulation of what the proposed strategy that is being promoted to make cigarettes safer through the FDA legislation would look like. The FDA would be given the authority to choose specific ingredients and require their reduction or elimination.
Let us assume, under a best case scenario, that the FDA is able to get through regulations that would eliminate 20 of the hazardous chemicals in cigarettes.
Here is the question:
How much safer is the second group of chemicals than the first group? What would the relative risk for lung cancer be if cigarettes contained the second list of chemicals, rather than the first list? How about the relative risk for emphysema? The relative risk for heart disease?
Since the anti-smoking groups supporting the FDA legislation claim that the bill would require cigarette companies to make their products safer, I assume that they will be able to answer this question.
I'll give these groups until Friday to respond. I'll report back on Friday with the responses that I receive.
How much safer will cigarettes be if we can knock out a whopping 20 of the hazardous ingredients?
List #1
Acetanisole, · Acetic Acid, · Acetoin, · Acetophenone, · 6-Acetoxydihydrotheaspirane, · 2-Acetyl-3- Ethylpyrazine, · 2-Acetyl-5-Methylfuran, · Acetylpyrazine, · 2-Acetylpyridine, · 3-Acetylpyridine, · 2-Acetylthiazole, · Aconitic Acid, · dl-Alanine, · Alfalfa Extract, · Allspice Extract, · Oleoresin, · And Oil, · Allyl Hexanoate, · Allyl Ionone, · Almond Bitter Oil, · Ambergris Tincture, · Ammonia, · Ammonium Bicarbonate, · Ammonium Hydroxide, · Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic, · Ammonium Sulfide, · Amyl Alcohol, · Amyl Butyrate, · Amyl Formate, · Amyl Octanoate, · alpha-Amylcinnamaldehyde, · Amyris Oil, · trans-Anethole, · Angelica Root Extract, Oil and Seed Oil, · Anise, · Anise Star, Extract and Oils, · Anisyl Acetate, · Anisyl Alcohol, · Anisyl Formate, · Anisyl Phenylacetate, · Apple Juice Concentrate, Extract, and Skins, · Apricot Extract and Juice Concentrate, · 1-Arginine, · Asafetida Fluid Extract And Oil, · Ascorbic Acid, · 1-Asparagine Monohydrate, · 1-Aspartic Acid, · Balsam Peru and Oil, · Basil Oil, · Bay Leaf, Oil and Sweet Oil, · Beeswax White, · Beet Juice Concentrate, · Benzaldehyde, · Benzaldehyde Glyceryl Acetal, · Benzoic Acid, Benzoin, · Benzoin Resin, · Benzophenone, · Benzyl Alcohol, · Benzyl Benzoate, · Benzyl Butyrate, · Benzyl Cinnamate, · Benzyl Propionate, · Benzyl Salicylate, · Bergamot Oil, · Bisabolene, · Black Currant Buds Absolute, · Borneol, · Bornyl Acetate, · Buchu Leaf Oil, · 1,3-Butanediol, · 2,3-Butanedione, · 1-Butanol, · 2-Butanone, · 4(2-Butenylidene)-3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-One, · Butter, Butter Esters, and Butter Oil, · Butyl Acetate, · Butyl Butyrate, · Butyl Butyryl Lactate, · Butyl Isovalerate, · Butyl Phenylacetate, · Butyl Undecylenate, · 3-Butylidenephthalide, · Butyric Acid, · Cadinene, · Caffeine, · Calcium Carbonate, · Camphene, · Cananga Oil, · Capsicum Oleoresin, · Caramel Color, · Caraway Oil, · Carbon Dioxide, · Cardamom Oleoresin, Extract, Seed Oil, and Powder, · Carob Bean and Extract, · beta-Carotene, · Carrot Oil, · Carvacrol, · 4-Carvomenthenol, · 1-Carvone, · beta-Caryophyllene, · beta-Caryophyllene Oxide, · Cascarilla Oil and Bark Extract, · Cassia Bark Oil, · Cassie Absolute and Oil, · Castoreum Extract, Tincture and Absolute, · Cedar Leaf Oil, · Cedarwood Oil Terpenes and Virginiana, · Cedrol, · Celery Seed Extract, Solid, Oil, And Oleoresin, · Cellulose Fiber, · Chamomile Flower Oil And Extract, · Chicory Extract, · Chocolate, · Cinnamaldehyde, · Cinnamic Acid, · Cinnamon Leaf Oil, Bark Oil, and Extract, · Cinnamyl Acetate, · Cinnamyl Alcohol, · Cinnamyl Cinnamate, · Cinnamyl Isovalerate, · Cinnamyl Propionate, · Citral, · Citric Acid, · Citronella Oil, · dl-Citronellol, · Citronellyl Butyrate, · Citronellyl Isobutyrate, · Civet Absolute, · Clary Oil, · Clover Tops, Red Solid Extract, · Cocoa, · Cocoa Shells, Extract, Distillate And Powder, · Coconut Oil, · Coffee, · Cognac White and Green Oil, · Copaiba Oil, · Coriander Extract and Oil, · Corn Oil, · Corn Silk, · Costus Root Oil, · Cubeb Oil, · Cuminaldehyde, · para-Cymene, · 1-Cysteine, · Dandelion Root Solid Extract, · Davana Oil, · 2-trans, 4-trans-Decadienal, · delta-Decalactone, · gamma-Decalactone, · Decanal, · Decanoic Acid, · 1-Decanol, · 2-Decenal, · Dehydromenthofurolactone, · Diethyl Malonate, · Diethyl Sebacate, · 2,3-Diethylpyrazine, · Dihydro Anethole, · 5,7-Dihydro-2-Methylthieno(3,4-D) Pyrimidine, · Dill Seed Oil and Extract, · meta-Dimethoxybenzene, · para-Dimethoxybenzene, · 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol, · Dimethyl Succinate, · 3,4-Dimethyl-1,2-Cyclopentanedione, · 3,5- Dimethyl-1,2-Cyclopentanedione, · 3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-Octatriene, · 4,5-Dimethyl-3-Hydroxy-2,5-Dihydrofuran-2-One, · 6,10-Dimethyl-5,9-Undecadien-2-One, · 3,7-Dimethyl-6-Octenoic Acid, · 2,4-Dimethylacetophenone, · alpha,para-Dimethylbenzyl Alcohol, · alpha,alpha-Dimethylphenethyl Acetate, · alpha,alpha Dimethylphenethyl Butyrate, · 2,3-Dimethylpyrazine, · 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine, · 2,6-Dimethylpyrazine, · Dimethyltetrahydrobenzofuranone, · delta-Dodecalactone, · gamma-Dodecalactone, · para-Ethoxybenzaldehyde, · Ethyl 10-Undecenoate, · Ethyl 2-Methylbutyrate, · Ethyl Acetate, · Ethyl Acetoacetate, · Ethyl Alcohol, · Ethyl Benzoate, · Ethyl Butyrate, · Ethyl Cinnamate, · Ethyl Decanoate, · Ethyl Fenchol, · Ethyl Furoate, · Ethyl Heptanoate, · Ethyl Hexanoate, · Ethyl Isovalerate, · Ethyl Lactate, · Ethyl Laurate, · Ethyl Levulinate, · Ethyl Maltol, · Ethyl Methyl Phenylglycidate, · Ethyl Myristate, · Ethyl Nonanoate, · Ethyl Octadecanoate, · Ethyl Octanoate, · Ethyl Oleate, · Ethyl Palmitate, · Ethyl Phenylacetate, · Ethyl Propionate, · Ethyl Salicylate, · Ethyl trans-2-Butenoate, · Ethyl Valerate, · Ethyl Vanillin, · 2-Ethyl (or Methyl)-(3,5 and 6)-Methoxypyrazine, · 2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol, 3-Ethyl -2 -Hydroxy-2-Cyclopenten-1-One, · 2-Ethyl-3, (5 or 6)-Dimethylpyrazine, · 5-Ethyl-3-Hydroxy-4-Methyl-2(5H)-Furanone, · 2-Ethyl-3-Methylpyrazine, · 4-Ethylbenzaldehyde, · 4-Ethylguaiacol, · para-Ethylphenol, · 3-Ethylpyridine, · Eucalyptol, · Farnesol, · D-Fenchone, · Fennel Sweet Oil, · Fenugreek, Extract, Resin, and Absolute, · Fig Juice Concentrate, · Food Starch Modified, · Furfuryl Mercaptan, · 4-(2-Furyl)-3-Buten-2-One, · Galbanum Oil, · Genet Absolute, · Gentian Root Extract, · Geraniol, · Geranium Rose Oil, · Geranyl Acetate, · Geranyl Butyrate, · Geranyl Formate, · Geranyl Isovalerate, · Geranyl Phenylacetate, · Ginger Oil and Oleoresin, · 1-Glutamic Acid, · 1-Glutamine, · Glycerol, · Glycyrrhizin Ammoniated, · Grape Juice Concentrate, · Guaiac Wood Oil, · Guaiacol, · Guar Gum, · 2,4-Heptadienal, · gamma-Heptalactone, · Heptanoic Acid, · 2-Heptanone, · 3-Hepten-2-One, · 2-Hepten-4-One, · 4-Heptenal, · trans -2-Heptenal, · Heptyl Acetate, · omega-6-Hexadecenlactone, · gamma-Hexalactone, · Hexanal, · Hexanoic Acid, · 2-Hexen-1-Ol, · 3-Hexen-1-Ol, · cis-3-Hexen-1-Yl Acetate, · 2-Hexenal, · 3-Hexenoic Acid, · trans-2-Hexenoic Acid, · cis-3-Hexenyl Formate, · Hexyl 2-Methylbutyrate, · Hexyl Acetate, · Hexyl Alcohol, · Hexyl Phenylacetate, · 1-Histidine, · Honey, · Hops Oil, · Hydrolyzed Milk Solids, · Hydrolyzed Plant Proteins, · 5-Hydroxy-2,4-Decadienoic Acid delta- Lactone, · 4-Hydroxy-2,5-Dimethyl-3(2H)-Furanone, · 2-Hydroxy-3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-One, · 4-Hydroxy -3-Pentenoic Acid Lactone, · 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylbenzaldehyde, · 4-Hydroxybutanoic Acid Lactone, · Hydroxycitronellal, · 6-Hydroxydihydrotheaspirane, · 4-(para-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-Butanone, · Hyssop Oil, · Immortelle Absolute and Extract, · alpha-Ionone, · beta-Ionone, · alpha-Irone, · Isoamyl Acetate, · Isoamyl Benzoate, · Isoamyl Butyrate, · Isoamyl Cinnamate, · Isoamyl Formate, Isoamyl Hexanoate, · Isoamyl Isovalerate, · Isoamyl Octanoate, · Isoamyl Phenylacetate, · Isobornyl Acetate, · Isobutyl Acetate, · Isobutyl Alcohol, · Isobutyl Cinnamate, · Isobutyl Phenylacetate, · Isobutyl Salicylate, · 2-Isobutyl-3-Methoxypyrazine, · alpha-Isobutylphenethyl Alcohol, · Isobutyraldehyde, · Isobutyric Acid, · d,l-Isoleucine, · alpha-Isomethylionone, · 2-Isopropylphenol, · Isovaleric Acid, · Jasmine Absolute, Concrete and Oil, · Kola Nut Extract, · Labdanum Absolute and Oleoresin, · Lactic Acid, · Lauric Acid, · Lauric Aldehyde, · Lavandin Oil, · Lavender Oil, · Lemon Oil and Extract, · Lemongrass Oil, · 1-Leucine, · Levulinic Acid, · Licorice Root, Fluid, Extract and Powder, · Lime Oil , · Linalool, · Linalool Oxide, · Linalyl Acetate, · Linden Flowers, · Lovage Oil And Extract, · 1-Lysine, · Mace Powder, Extract and Oil , · Magnesium Carbonate, · Malic Acid, · Malt and Malt Extract, · Maltodextrin, · Maltol, · Maltyl Isobutyrate, · Mandarin Oil, · Maple Syrup and Concentrate, · Mate Leaf, Absolute and Oil, · para-Mentha-8-Thiol-3-One, · Menthol, · Menthone, · Menthyl Acetate, · dl-Methionine, · Methoprene, · 2-Methoxy-4-Methylphenol, · 2-Methoxy-4-Vinylphenol, · para-Methoxybenzaldehyde, · 1-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-1-Penten-3-One, · 4-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Butanone, · 1-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Propanone, · Methoxypyrazine, · Methyl 2-Furoate, · Methyl 2-Octynoate, · Methyl 2-Pyrrolyl Ketone, · Methyl Anisate, · Methyl Anthranilate, · Methyl Benzoate, · Methyl Cinnamate, · Methyl Dihydrojasmonate, · Methyl Ester of Rosin, Partially Hydrogenated, · Methyl Isovalerate, · Methyl Linoleate (48%), · Methyl Linolenate (52%) Mixture, · Methyl Naphthyl Ketone, · Methyl Nicotinate, · Methyl Phenylacetate, · Methyl Salicylate, · Methyl Sulfide, · 3-Methyl-1-Cyclopentadecanone, · 4-Methyl-1-Phenyl-2-Pentanone, · 5-Methyl-2-Phenyl-2-Hexenal, · 5-Methyl-2-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde, · 6-Methyl-3,-5-Heptadien-2-One, · 2-Methyl-3-(para-Isopropylphenyl) Propionaldehyde, · 5-Methyl-3-Hexen-2-One, · 1-Methyl-3Methoxy-4-Isopropylbenzene, · 4-Methyl-3-Pentene-2-One, · 2-Methyl-4-Phenylbutyraldehyde, · 6-Methyl-5-Hepten-2-One, · 4-Methyl-5-Thiazoleethanol, · 4-Methyl-5-Vinylthiazole, · Methyl-alpha-Ionone, · Methyl-trans-2-Butenoic Acid, · 4-Methylacetophenone, · para-Methylanisole, · alpha-Methylbenzyl Acetate, · alpha-Methylbenzyl Alcohol, · 2-Methylbutyraldehyde, · 3-Methylbutyraldehyde, · 2-Methylbutyric Acid, · alpha-Methylcinnamaldehyde, · Methylcyclopentenolone, · 2-Methylheptanoic Acid, · 2-Methylhexanoic Acid, · 3-Methylpentanoic Acid, · 4-Methylpentanoic Acid, · 2-Methylpyrazine, · 5-Methylquinoxaline, · 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-One * (Methylthio)Methylpyrazine (Mixture Of Isomers), · 3-Methylthiopropionaldehyde, · Methyl 3-Methylthiopropionate, · 2-Methylvaleric Acid, · Mimosa Absolute and Extract, · Molasses Extract and Tincture, · Mountain Maple Solid Extract, · Mullein Flowers, · Myristaldehyde, · Myristic Acid, · Myrrh Oil, · beta-Napthyl Ethyl Ether, · Nerol, · Neroli Bigarde Oil, · Nerolidol, · Nona-2-trans,6-cis-Dienal, · 2,6-Nonadien-1-Ol, · gamma-Nonalactone, · Nonanal, · Nonanoic Acid, · Nonanone, · trans-2-Nonen-1-Ol, · 2-Nonenal, · Nonyl Acetate, · Nutmeg Powder and Oil, · Oak Chips Extract and Oil, · Oak Moss Absolute, · 9,12-Octadecadienoic Acid (48%) And 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic Acid (52%), · delta-Octalactone, · gamma-Octalactone, · Octanal, · Octanoic Acid, · 1-Octanol, · 2-Octanone, · 3-Octen-2-One, · 1-Octen-3-Ol, · 1-Octen-3-Yl Acetate, · 2-Octenal, · Octyl Isobutyrate, · Oleic Acid , · Olibanum Oil, · Opoponax Oil And Gum, · Orange Blossoms Water, Absolute, and Leaf Absolute, · Orange Oil and Extract, · Origanum Oil, · Orris Concrete Oil and Root Extract, · Palmarosa Oil, · Palmitic Acid, · Parsley Seed Oil, · Patchouli Oil, · omega-Pentadecalactone, · 2,3-Pentanedione, · 2-Pentanone, · 4-Pentenoic Acid, · 2-Pentylpyridine, · Pepper Oil, Black And White, · Peppermint Oil, · Peruvian (Bois De Rose) Oil, · Petitgrain Absolute, Mandarin Oil and Terpeneless Oil, · alpha-Phellandrene, · 2-Phenenthyl Acetate, · Phenenthyl Alcohol, · Phenethyl Butyrate, · Phenethyl Cinnamate, · Phenethyl Isobutyrate, · Phenethyl Isovalerate, · Phenethyl Phenylacetate, · Phenethyl Salicylate, · 1-Phenyl-1-Propanol, · 3-Phenyl-1-Propanol, · 2-Phenyl-2-Butenal, · 4-Phenyl-3-Buten-2-Ol, · 4-Phenyl-3-Buten-2-One, · Phenylacetaldehyde, · Phenylacetic Acid, · 1-Phenylalanine, · 3-Phenylpropionaldehyde, · 3-Phenylpropionic Acid, · 3-Phenylpropyl Acetate, · 3-Phenylpropyl Cinnamate, · 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)Tetrahydrofuran, · Phosphoric Acid, · Pimenta Leaf Oil, · Pine Needle Oil, Pine Oil, Scotch, · Pineapple Juice Concentrate, · alpha-Pinene, beta-Pinene, · D-Piperitone, · Piperonal, · Pipsissewa Leaf Extract, · Plum Juice, · Potassium Sorbate, · 1-Proline, · Propenylguaethol, · Propionic Acid, · Propyl Acetate, · Propyl para-Hydroxybenzoate, · Propylene Glycol, · 3-Propylidenephthalide, · Prune Juice and Concentrate, · Pyridine, · Pyroligneous Acid And Extract, * * Pyrrole, * Pyruvic Acid, * Raisin Juice Concentrate, * Rhodinol, * Rose Absolute and Oil, * Rosemary Oil, * Rum, * Rum Ether, * Rye Extract, * Sage, Sage Oil, and Sage Oleoresin, * Salicylaldehyde, * Sandalwood Oil, Yellow, * Sclareolide, * Skatole, * Smoke Flavor, * Snakeroot Oil, * Sodium Acetate, * Sodium Benzoate, * Sodium Bicarbonate, * Sodium Carbonate, * Sodium Chloride, * Sodium Citrate, * Sodium Hydroxide, * Solanone, * Spearmint Oil, * Styrax Extract, Gum and Oil, * Sucrose Octaacetate, * Sugar Alcohols, * Sugars, * Tagetes Oil, * Tannic Acid, * Tartaric Acid, * Tea Leaf and Absolute, * alpha-Terpineol, * Terpinolene, * Terpinyl Acetate, * 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinoxaline, * 1,5,5,9-Tetramethyl-13-Oxatricyclo(8.3.0.0(4,9))Tridecane, * 2,3,4,5, and 3,4,5,6-Tetramethylethyl-Cyclohexanone, * 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine, * Thiamine Hydrochloride, * Thiazole, * 1-Threonine, * Thyme Oil, White and Red, * Thymol, * Tobacco Extracts, * Tochopherols (mixed), * Tolu Balsam Gum and Extract, * Tolualdehydes, * para-Tolyl 3-Methylbutyrate, * para-Tolyl Acetaldehyde, * para-Tolyl Acetate, * para-Tolyl Isobutyrate, * para-Tolyl Phenylacetate, * Triacetin, * 2-Tridecanone, * 2-Tridecenal, * Triethyl Citrate, * 3,5,5-Trimethyl -1-Hexanol, * para,alpha,alpha-Trimethylbenzyl Alcohol, * 4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-1-Enyl)But-2-En-4-One, * 2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-2-Ene-1,4-Dione, * 2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-Dienyl Methan, * 4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-Dienyl)But-2-En-4-One, * 2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexanone, * 2,3,5-Trimethylpyrazine, * 1-Tyrosine, * delta-Undercalactone, * gamma-Undecalactone, * Undecanal, * 2-Undecanone, 1 * 0-Undecenal, * Urea, * Valencene, * Valeraldehyde, * Valerian Root Extract, Oil and Powder, * Valeric Acid, * gamma-Valerolactone, * Valine, * Vanilla Extract And Oleoresin, * Vanillin, * Veratraldehyde, * Vetiver Oil, * Vinegar, * Violet Leaf Absolute, * Walnut Hull Extract, * Water, * Wheat Extract And Flour, * Wild Cherry Bark Extract, * Wine and Wine Sherry, * Xanthan Gum, * 3,4-Xylenol, * Yeast Benzene 2-Napthylamine 4-Aminobiphenyl Nickel Polonium 210 (radioactive) Nitrogen oxides N-Nitrosodimethylamine N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine 1,3-Butadiene Analine Formaldehyde Hydrazine N-Nitrodiethanolamine Cadmium Benzo[a]pyrene Benz[a]anthracene Y-Butyrolactone Particulate matter N-Nitrosonornicotine NNK Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Carbonyl sulfide Toluene Acrolein Acetone Pyridine 3-Methylpyridine 3-Vinylpyridine Hydrogen cyanide Ammonia Methylamine Dimethylamine Nicotine Anatabine Phenol Catechol Hydorquinone Cholesterol Quinoline Harman Zinc Benzoic acid Lactic acid Glycolic acid Succinic acit PCDDs and PCDFs (Dioxins, Dibenzofurans) Formic acid Acetic acid Methyl chloride Dimethylnitrosamine Ethylmethylnitrosamine Nitrosopyrrolidine Hydrazine Vinyl Chloride Urethane Formaldehyde Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen Cyanide Acrolein Acetadehyde Nitrogen oxides Ammonia Pyridine Nitric acid Mathylamine Hydrogen cyanide Indole 3-hydroxypyridine 3-vinylpyridine Acetone Acetonitrile Acrolein 1,3-Butadiene, mg Nitrous acid isoquioline Isoamylamine 3-Cyanopyridine Carbonyls Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Acrolein, Propionaldehyde, Crotonaldehyde, Methyl-Ethyl-Ketone, Butyraldehyde Phenolics Hydroquinone, Resorcinol, Catechol, Phenol, Cresol (m+p and o) Benzo[a]pyrene BaP (HPLC) Aromatic Amines 3- and 4-aminobiphenyl, 1- and 2- aminonapthlene, o-toluidine, o-anisidine Oxides of Nitrogen NO, NOx Hydrogen Cyanide HCN (gas and particulate phases) Ammonia NH3 by ion chromatography Volatiles Benzene, Toluene, 1,3-butadiene, Isoprene, Acrylonitrile Semi-Volatiles Pyridine, Quinoline, Styrene Trace Metals Nickel (Ni) Cadmium (Cd) Lead (Pb) Chromium (Cr) Arsenic (As) Selenium (Se) Mercury Mercury (Hg) Smoke pH Integrated Puff Profile Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) N-Nitrosoanabasine (NAB) N-Nitrosoanatabine (NAT) 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) Volatile Nitrosamines N,N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) N,N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) N,N-Nitrosoethylmethylamine (NEMA) N,N-Nitrosodipropylamine (NDPA) N,N-Nitrosodibuthylamine (NDBA) N-Nitrosopiperidine (NPIP) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Naphthalene 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-methylnaphthalene Acenaphthylene Acenaphthene Fluorene Phenanthrene Anthracene Fluoranthene Pyrene Benzo(a)anthracene Chrysene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Benzo(j)fluoranthene Benzo(g,h,l)perylene Benzo(e)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene Perylene Indeno(1,2,3,-cd)pyrene Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Dibenz(a,j)acridine Dibenz(a,h)acridine Dibenz(a,e)pyrene Dibenz(a,h)pyrene Dibenz(a,i)pyrene Dibenz(a,l)pyrene 7H-Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines 2-Amino-3-methylimidaszo(4,5-f)quinoline (IQ) 2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline (MeIQ) 2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (MeAaC) 2-Amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (AaC) 1-Methyl-9H-pyridol(3,4-b)indole (Harman) 9H-Pyrido(3,4-b)indole (Norharman) Nitrogen 280-320 mg (56-64%b) Oxygen 50-70 mg (11-14%b) Carbon dioxide 45-65 mg (9-13%b) Carbon monoxide 14-23 mg (2.8-4.6%b) Water 7-12 mg (1.4-2.4%b) Argon 5mg (1.0%b) Hydrogen 0.5-1.0 mg Ammonia 10-130 μg Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 100-600 μg Hydrogen cyanide 400-500 μg Hydrogen sulfide 20-90 μg Methane 1.0-2.0 mg Other volatile alkanes (20) 1.0-.16 mgc Volatile alkenes (16) 0.4-0.5mg Isoprene 0.2-0.4mg Butadiene 25-40μg Acetylene 20-35μg Benzene 12-50μg Toluene 20-60μg Styrene 10μg Other volatile aromatic hydrocarbons (29) 15-30μg Formic acid 200-600 μg Acetic acid 300-1,700 μg Propionic acid 100-300 μg Methyl formate 20-30 μg Other volatile acids (6) 5-10 μgc Formaldehyde 20-100 μg Acetaldehyde 400-1,400 μg Acrolein 60-140 μg Other volatile aldehydes (6) Acetone Other volatile ketones (3) Methanol Other volatile alcohols (7) Acetonitrile Other volatile nitriles (I0) Furan Other volatile furans (4) Pyridine Picolines (3) 3-Vinylpyridine Other volatile pyridines (25) Pyrrole Pyrrolidine N-Methylpyrrolidine Volatile pyrazines (18) Methylamine Other aliphatic amines (32) Nornicotine Anatabine Anabasine Other tobacco alkaloids (17) Bipyridyls (4) n-Hentriacontane (n-C31H64) Total nonvolatile hydrocarbons (45)b Naphthalene Other naphthalenes (23) Phenanthrenes (7) Anthracenes (5) Fluorenes (7) Pyrenes (6) Fluoranthenes (5) Carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (11)c Phenol Other phenols (45)b Catechol Other catechols (4) Other dihydroxybenzenes (10) Scopoletin Other polyphenols (8)b Cyclotenes (10)b Quinones (7) Solanesol Neophytadienes (4) 200-350 Limonene 30-60 Other terpenes (200-250)b NA Palmitic acid 100-150 Stearic acid 50-75 Oleic acid 40-110 Linoleic acid 60-150 Linolenic acid 150-250 Lactic acid 60-80 Indole 10-15 Skatole 12-16 Other indoles (13) NA Quinolines (7) 2-4 Other N-heterocyclic hydrocarbons (55) NA Benzofurans (4) 200-300 Other O-heterocyclic hydrocarbons (42) NA Stigmasterol 40-70 Sitosterol 30-40 Campesterol 20-30 Cholesterol 10-20 Aniline 0.36 Toluidines 0.23 Other aromatic amines (12) 0.25 Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (4)c 0.34-2.7 Glycerol PAH Benz(a)anthracene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(j)fluoranthene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Benzo(a)pyrene Chrysene Dibenz(a,h)anthracene Dibenzo(a,1)pyrene Dibenzo(a,1)pyrene Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene 5-Methylchrysene Aza-arenes Quinoline Dibenz(a,h)acridine Dibenz(aj)acridine 7H-Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole N-Nitrosamines N-Nitrosodimethylamine N-Nitrosoethyl methylamine N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine N-Nitrosodiethanolamine N’-Nitrosonomicotine 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1- (3-pyridyl)-1-butanone N’-Nitrosoanabasine N-Nitrosomorpholine 2-Toluidine 2-Naphthylamine 4-Aminobiphenyl Aldehydes Formaldehydea Acetaldehydea Crotonaldehyde Miscellaneous organic compounds Benzene Acrylonitrile 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 2-Nitropropane Ethylcarbamate Vinylchloride Inorganic compounds Hydrazine Arsenic Nickel Chromium Cadmium Lead Polonium-210 Asbestos Plutonium
List #2
Acetanisole, · Acetic Acid, · Acetoin, · Acetophenone, · 6-Acetoxydihydrotheaspirane, · 2-Acetyl-3- Ethylpyrazine, · 2-Acetyl-5-Methylfuran, · Acetylpyrazine, · 2-Acetylpyridine, · 3-Acetylpyridine, · 2-Acetylthiazole, · Aconitic Acid, · dl-Alanine, · Alfalfa Extract, · Allspice Extract, · Oleoresin, · And Oil, · Allyl Hexanoate, · Allyl Ionone, · Almond Bitter Oil, · Ambergris Tincture, · Ammonia, · Ammonium Bicarbonate, · Ammonium Hydroxide, · Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic, · Ammonium Sulfide, · Amyl Alcohol, · Amyl Butyrate, · Amyl Formate, · Amyl Octanoate, · alpha-Amylcinnamaldehyde, · Amyris Oil, · trans-Anethole, · Angelica Root Extract, Oil and Seed Oil, · Anise, · Anise Star, Extract and Oils, · Anisyl Acetate, · Anisyl Alcohol, · Anisyl Formate, · Anisyl Phenylacetate, · Apple Juice Concentrate, Extract, and Skins, · Apricot Extract and Juice Concentrate, · 1-Arginine, · Asafetida Fluid Extract And Oil, · Ascorbic Acid, · 1-Asparagine Monohydrate, · 1-Aspartic Acid, · Balsam Peru and Oil, · Basil Oil, · Bay Leaf, Oil and Sweet Oil, · Beeswax White, · Beet Juice Concentrate, · Benzaldehyde, · Benzaldehyde Glyceryl Acetal, · Benzoic Acid, Benzoin, · Benzoin Resin, · Benzophenone, · Benzyl Alcohol, · Benzyl Benzoate, · Benzyl Butyrate, · Benzyl Cinnamate, · Benzyl Propionate, · Benzyl Salicylate, · Bergamot Oil, · Bisabolene, · Black Currant Buds Absolute, · Borneol, · Bornyl Acetate, · Buchu Leaf Oil, · 1,3-Butanediol, · 2,3-Butanedione, · 1-Butanol, · 2-Butanone, · 4(2-Butenylidene)-3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-One, · Butter, Butter Esters, and Butter Oil, · Butyl Acetate, · Butyl Butyrate, · Butyl Butyryl Lactate, · Butyl Isovalerate, · Butyl Phenylacetate, · Butyl Undecylenate, · 3-Butylidenephthalide, · Butyric Acid, · Cadinene, · Caffeine, · Calcium Carbonate, · Camphene, · Cananga Oil, · Capsicum Oleoresin, · Caramel Color, · Caraway Oil, · Carbon Dioxide, · Cardamom Oleoresin, Extract, Seed Oil, and Powder, · Carob Bean and Extract, · beta-Carotene, · Carrot Oil, · Carvacrol, · 4-Carvomenthenol, · 1-Carvone, · beta-Caryophyllene, · beta-Caryophyllene Oxide, · Cascarilla Oil and Bark Extract, · Cassia Bark Oil, · Cassie Absolute and Oil, · Castoreum Extract, Tincture and Absolute, · Cedar Leaf Oil, · Cedarwood Oil Terpenes and Virginiana, · Cedrol, · Celery Seed Extract, Solid, Oil, And Oleoresin, · Cellulose Fiber, · Chamomile Flower Oil And Extract, · Chicory Extract, · Chocolate, · Cinnamaldehyde, · Cinnamic Acid, · Cinnamon Leaf Oil, Bark Oil, and Extract, · Cinnamyl Acetate, · Cinnamyl Alcohol, · Cinnamyl Cinnamate, · Cinnamyl Isovalerate, · Cinnamyl Propionate, · Citral, · Citric Acid, · Citronella Oil, · dl-Citronellol, · Citronellyl Butyrate, · Citronellyl Isobutyrate, · Civet Absolute, · Clary Oil, · Clover Tops, Red Solid Extract, · Cocoa, · Cocoa Shells, Extract, Distillate And Powder, · Coconut Oil, · Coffee, · Cognac White and Green Oil, · Copaiba Oil, · Coriander Extract and Oil, · Corn Oil, · Corn Silk, · Costus Root Oil, · Cubeb Oil, · Cuminaldehyde, · para-Cymene, · 1-Cysteine, · Dandelion Root Solid Extract, · Davana Oil, · 2-trans, 4-trans-Decadienal, · delta-Decalactone, · gamma-Decalactone, · Decanal, · Decanoic Acid, · 1-Decanol, · 2-Decenal, · Dehydromenthofurolactone, · Diethyl Malonate, · Diethyl Sebacate, · 2,3-Diethylpyrazine, · Dihydro Anethole, · 5,7-Dihydro-2-Methylthieno(3,4-D) Pyrimidine, · Dill Seed Oil and Extract, · meta-Dimethoxybenzene, · para-Dimethoxybenzene, · 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol, · Dimethyl Succinate, · 3,4-Dimethyl-1,2-Cyclopentanedione, · 3,5- Dimethyl-1,2-Cyclopentanedione, · 3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-Octatriene, · 4,5-Dimethyl-3-Hydroxy-2,5-Dihydrofuran-2-One, · 6,10-Dimethyl-5,9-Undecadien-2-One, · 3,7-Dimethyl-6-Octenoic Acid, · 2,4-Dimethylacetophenone, · alpha,para-Dimethylbenzyl Alcohol, · alpha,alpha-Dimethylphenethyl Acetate, · alpha,alpha Dimethylphenethyl Butyrate, · 2,3-Dimethylpyrazine, · 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine, · 2,6-Dimethylpyrazine, · Dimethyltetrahydrobenzofuranone, · delta-Dodecalactone, · gamma-Dodecalactone, · para-Ethoxybenzaldehyde, · Ethyl 10-Undecenoate, · Ethyl 2-Methylbutyrate, · Ethyl Acetate, · Ethyl Acetoacetate, · Ethyl Alcohol, · Ethyl Benzoate, · Ethyl Butyrate, · Ethyl Cinnamate, · Ethyl Decanoate, · Ethyl Fenchol, · Ethyl Furoate, · Ethyl Heptanoate, · Ethyl Hexanoate, · Ethyl Isovalerate, · Ethyl Lactate, · Ethyl Laurate, · Ethyl Levulinate, · Ethyl Maltol, · Ethyl Methyl Phenylglycidate, · Ethyl Myristate, · Ethyl Nonanoate, · Ethyl Octadecanoate, · Ethyl Octanoate, · Ethyl Oleate, · Ethyl Palmitate, · Ethyl Phenylacetate, · Ethyl Propionate, · Ethyl Salicylate, · Ethyl trans-2-Butenoate, · Ethyl Valerate, · Ethyl Vanillin, · 2-Ethyl (or Methyl)-(3,5 and 6)-Methoxypyrazine, · 2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol, 3-Ethyl -2 -Hydroxy-2-Cyclopenten-1-One, · 2-Ethyl-3, (5 or 6)-Dimethylpyrazine, · 5-Ethyl-3-Hydroxy-4-Methyl-2(5H)-Furanone, · 2-Ethyl-3-Methylpyrazine, · 4-Ethylbenzaldehyde, · 4-Ethylguaiacol, · para-Ethylphenol, · 3-Ethylpyridine, · Eucalyptol, · Farnesol, · D-Fenchone, · Fennel Sweet Oil, · Fenugreek, Extract, Resin, and Absolute, · Fig Juice Concentrate, · Food Starch Modified, · Furfuryl Mercaptan, · 4-(2-Furyl)-3-Buten-2-One, · Galbanum Oil, · Genet Absolute, · Gentian Root Extract, · Geraniol, · Geranium Rose Oil, · Geranyl Acetate, · Geranyl Butyrate, · Geranyl Formate, · Geranyl Isovalerate, · Geranyl Phenylacetate, · Ginger Oil and Oleoresin, · 1-Glutamic Acid, · 1-Glutamine, · Glycerol, · Glycyrrhizin Ammoniated, · Grape Juice Concentrate, · Guaiac Wood Oil, · Guaiacol, · Guar Gum, · 2,4-Heptadienal, · gamma-Heptalactone, · Heptanoic Acid, · 2-Heptanone, · 3-Hepten-2-One, · 2-Hepten-4-One, · 4-Heptenal, · trans -2-Heptenal, · Heptyl Acetate, · omega-6-Hexadecenlactone, · gamma-Hexalactone, · Hexanal, · Hexanoic Acid, · 2-Hexen-1-Ol, · 3-Hexen-1-Ol, · cis-3-Hexen-1-Yl Acetate, · 2-Hexenal, · 3-Hexenoic Acid, · trans-2-Hexenoic Acid, · cis-3-Hexenyl Formate, · Hexyl 2-Methylbutyrate, · Hexyl Acetate, · Hexyl Alcohol, · Hexyl Phenylacetate, · 1-Histidine, · Honey, · Hops Oil, · Hydrolyzed Milk Solids, · Hydrolyzed Plant Proteins, · 5-Hydroxy-2,4-Decadienoic Acid delta- Lactone, · 4-Hydroxy-2,5-Dimethyl-3(2H)-Furanone, · 2-Hydroxy-3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-One, · 4-Hydroxy -3-Pentenoic Acid Lactone, · 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylbenzaldehyde, · 4-Hydroxybutanoic Acid Lactone, · Hydroxycitronellal, · 6-Hydroxydihydrotheaspirane, · 4-(para-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-Butanone, · Hyssop Oil, · Immortelle Absolute and Extract, · alpha-Ionone, · beta-Ionone, · alpha-Irone, · Isoamyl Acetate, · Isoamyl Benzoate, · Isoamyl Butyrate, · Isoamyl Cinnamate, · Isoamyl Formate, Isoamyl Hexanoate, · Isoamyl Isovalerate, · Isoamyl Octanoate, · Isoamyl Phenylacetate, · Isobornyl Acetate, · Isobutyl Acetate, · Isobutyl Alcohol, · Isobutyl Cinnamate, · Isobutyl Phenylacetate, · Isobutyl Salicylate, · 2-Isobutyl-3-Methoxypyrazine, · alpha-Isobutylphenethyl Alcohol, · Isobutyraldehyde, · Isobutyric Acid, · d,l-Isoleucine, · alpha-Isomethylionone, · 2-Isopropylphenol, · Isovaleric Acid, · Jasmine Absolute, Concrete and Oil, · Kola Nut Extract, · Labdanum Absolute and Oleoresin, · Lactic Acid, · Lauric Acid, · Lauric Aldehyde, · Lavandin Oil, · Lavender Oil, · Lemon Oil and Extract, · Lemongrass Oil, · 1-Leucine, · Levulinic Acid, · Licorice Root, Fluid, Extract and Powder, · Lime Oil , · Linalool, · Linalool Oxide, · Linalyl Acetate, · Linden Flowers, · Lovage Oil And Extract, · 1-Lysine, · Mace Powder, Extract and Oil , · Magnesium Carbonate, · Malic Acid, · Malt and Malt Extract, · Maltodextrin, · Maltol, · Maltyl Isobutyrate, · Mandarin Oil, · Maple Syrup and Concentrate, · Mate Leaf, Absolute and Oil, · para-Mentha-8-Thiol-3-One, · Menthol, · Menthone, · Menthyl Acetate, · dl-Methionine, · Methoprene, · 2-Methoxy-4-Methylphenol, · 2-Methoxy-4-Vinylphenol, · para-Methoxybenzaldehyde, · 1-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-1-Penten-3-One, · 4-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Butanone, · 1-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Propanone, · Methoxypyrazine, · Methyl 2-Furoate, · Methyl 2-Octynoate, · Methyl 2-Pyrrolyl Ketone, · Methyl Anisate, · Methyl Anthranilate, · Methyl Benzoate, · Methyl Cinnamate, · Methyl Dihydrojasmonate, · Methyl Ester of Rosin, Partially Hydrogenated, · Methyl Isovalerate, · Methyl Linoleate (48%), · Methyl Linolenate (52%) Mixture, · Methyl Naphthyl Ketone, · Methyl Nicotinate, · Methyl Phenylacetate, · Methyl Salicylate, · Methyl Sulfide, · 3-Methyl-1-Cyclopentadecanone, · 4-Methyl-1-Phenyl-2-Pentanone, · 5-Methyl-2-Phenyl-2-Hexenal, · 5-Methyl-2-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde, · 6-Methyl-3,-5-Heptadien-2-One, · 2-Methyl-3-(para-Isopropylphenyl) Propionaldehyde, · 5-Methyl-3-Hexen-2-One, · 1-Methyl-3Methoxy-4-Isopropylbenzene, · 4-Methyl-3-Pentene-2-One, · 2-Methyl-4-Phenylbutyraldehyde, · 6-Methyl-5-Hepten-2-One, · 4-Methyl-5-Thiazoleethanol, · 4-Methyl-5-Vinylthiazole, · Methyl-alpha-Ionone, · Methyl-trans-2-Butenoic Acid, · 4-Methylacetophenone, · para-Methylanisole, · alpha-Methylbenzyl Acetate, · alpha-Methylbenzyl Alcohol, · 2-Methylbutyraldehyde, · 3-Methylbutyraldehyde, · 2-Methylbutyric Acid, · alpha-Methylcinnamaldehyde, · Methylcyclopentenolone, · 2-Methylheptanoic Acid, · 2-Methylhexanoic Acid, · 3-Methylpentanoic Acid, · 4-Methylpentanoic Acid, · 2-Methylpyrazine, · 5-Methylquinoxaline, · 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-One * (Methylthio)Methylpyrazine (Mixture Of Isomers), · 3-Methylthiopropionaldehyde, · Methyl 3-Methylthiopropionate, · 2-Methylvaleric Acid, · Mimosa Absolute and Extract, · Molasses Extract and Tincture, · Mountain Maple Solid Extract, · Mullein Flowers, · Myristaldehyde, · Myristic Acid, · Myrrh Oil, · beta-Napthyl Ethyl Ether, · Nerol, · Neroli Bigarde Oil, · Nerolidol, · Nona-2-trans,6-cis-Dienal, · 2,6-Nonadien-1-Ol, · gamma-Nonalactone, · Nonanal, · Nonanoic Acid, · Nonanone, · trans-2-Nonen-1-Ol, · 2-Nonenal, · Nonyl Acetate, · Nutmeg Powder and Oil, · Oak Chips Extract and Oil, · Oak Moss Absolute, · 9,12-Octadecadienoic Acid (48%) And 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic Acid (52%), · delta-Octalactone, · gamma-Octalactone, · Octanal, · Octanoic Acid, · 1-Octanol, · 2-Octanone, · 3-Octen-2-One, · 1-Octen-3-Ol, · 1-Octen-3-Yl Acetate, · 2-Octenal, · Octyl Isobutyrate, · Oleic Acid , · Olibanum Oil, · Opoponax Oil And Gum, · Orange Blossoms Water, Absolute, and Leaf Absolute, · Orange Oil and Extract, · Origanum Oil, · Orris Concrete Oil and Root Extract, · Palmarosa Oil, · Palmitic Acid, · Parsley Seed Oil, · Patchouli Oil, · omega-Pentadecalactone, · 2,3-Pentanedione, · 2-Pentanone, · 4-Pentenoic Acid, · 2-Pentylpyridine, · Pepper Oil, Black And White, · Peppermint Oil, · Peruvian (Bois De Rose) Oil, · Petitgrain Absolute, Mandarin Oil and Terpeneless Oil, · alpha-Phellandrene, · 2-Phenenthyl Acetate, · Phenenthyl Alcohol, · Phenethyl Butyrate, · Phenethyl Cinnamate, · Phenethyl Isobutyrate, · Phenethyl Isovalerate, · Phenethyl Phenylacetate, · Phenethyl Salicylate, · 1-Phenyl-1-Propanol, · 3-Phenyl-1-Propanol, · 2-Phenyl-2-Butenal, · 4-Phenyl-3-Buten-2-Ol, · 4-Phenyl-3-Buten-2-One, · Phenylacetaldehyde, · Phenylacetic Acid, · 1-Phenylalanine, · 3-Phenylpropionaldehyde, · 3-Phenylpropionic Acid, · 3-Phenylpropyl Acetate, · 3-Phenylpropyl Cinnamate, · 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)Tetrahydrofuran, · Phosphoric Acid, · Pimenta Leaf Oil, · Pine Needle Oil, Pine Oil, Scotch, · Pineapple Juice Concentrate, · alpha-Pinene, beta-Pinene, · D-Piperitone, · Piperonal, · Pipsissewa Leaf Extract, · Plum Juice, · Potassium Sorbate, · 1-Proline, · Propenylguaethol, · Propionic Acid, · Propyl Acetate, · Propyl para-Hydroxybenzoate, · Propylene Glycol, · 3-Propylidenephthalide, · Prune Juice and Concentrate, · Pyridine, · Pyroligneous Acid And Extract, * * Pyrrole, * Pyruvic Acid, * Raisin Juice Concentrate, * Rhodinol, * Rose Absolute and Oil, * Rosemary Oil, * Rum, * Rum Ether, * Rye Extract, * Sage, Sage Oil, and Sage Oleoresin, * Salicylaldehyde, * Sandalwood Oil, Yellow, * Sclareolide, * Skatole, * Smoke Flavor, * Snakeroot Oil, * Sodium Acetate, * Sodium Benzoate, * Sodium Bicarbonate, * Sodium Carbonate, * Sodium Chloride, * Sodium Citrate, * Sodium Hydroxide, * Solanone, * Spearmint Oil, * Styrax Extract, Gum and Oil, * Sucrose Octaacetate, * Sugar Alcohols, * Sugars, * Tagetes Oil, * Tannic Acid, * Tartaric Acid, * Tea Leaf and Absolute, * alpha-Terpineol, * Terpinolene, * Terpinyl Acetate, * 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinoxaline, * 1,5,5,9-Tetramethyl-13-Oxatricyclo(8.3.0.0(4,9))Tridecane, * 2,3,4,5, and 3,4,5,6-Tetramethylethyl-Cyclohexanone, * 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine, * Thiamine Hydrochloride, * Thiazole, * 1-Threonine, * Thyme Oil, White and Red, * Thymol, * Tobacco Extracts, * Tochopherols (mixed), * Tolu Balsam Gum and Extract, * Tolualdehydes, * para-Tolyl 3-Methylbutyrate, * para-Tolyl Acetaldehyde, * para-Tolyl Acetate, * para-Tolyl Isobutyrate, * para-Tolyl Phenylacetate, * Triacetin, * 2-Tridecanone, * 2-Tridecenal, * Triethyl Citrate, * 3,5,5-Trimethyl -1-Hexanol, * para,alpha,alpha-Trimethylbenzyl Alcohol, * 4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-1-Enyl)But-2-En-4-One, * 2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-2-Ene-1,4-Dione, * 2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-Dienyl Methan, * 4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-Dienyl)But-2-En-4-One, * 2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexanone, * 2,3,5-Trimethylpyrazine, * 1-Tyrosine, * delta-Undercalactone, * gamma-Undecalactone, * Undecanal, * 2-Undecanone, 1 * 0-Undecenal, * Urea, * Valencene, * Valeraldehyde, * Valerian Root Extract, Oil and Powder, * Valeric Acid, * gamma-Valerolactone, * Valine, * Vanilla Extract And Oleoresin, * Vanillin, * Veratraldehyde, * Vetiver Oil, * Vinegar, * Violet Leaf Absolute, * Walnut Hull Extract, * Water, * Wheat Extract And Flour, * Wild Cherry Bark Extract, * Wine and Wine Sherry, * Xanthan Gum, * 3,4-Xylenol, * Yeast Benzene 2-Napthylamine 4-Aminobiphenyl Nickel Polonium 210 (radioactive) Nitrogen oxides N-Nitrosodimethylamine N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine 1,3-Butadiene Analine Formaldehyde Hydrazine N-Nitrodiethanolamine Cadmium Benzo[a]pyrene Benz[a]anthracene Y-Butyrolactone Particulate matter N-Nitrosonornicotine NNK Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Carbonyl sulfide Toluene Acrolein Acetone Pyridine 3-Methylpyridine 3-Vinylpyridine Hydrogen cyanide Ammonia Methylamine Dimethylamine Nicotine Anatabine Phenol Catechol Hydorquinone Cholesterol Quinoline Harman Zinc Benzoic acid Lactic acid Glycolic acid Succinic acit PCDDs and PCDFs (Dioxins, Dibenzofurans) Formic acid Acetic acid Methyl chloride Dimethylnitrosamine Ethylmethylnitrosamine Nitrosopyrrolidine Hydrazine Vinyl Chloride Urethane Formaldehyde Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen Cyanide Acrolein Acetadehyde Nitrogen oxides Ammonia Pyridine Nitric acid Mathylamine Hydrogen cyanide Indole 3-hydroxypyridine 3-vinylpyridine Acetone Acetonitrile Acrolein 1,3-Butadiene, mg Nitrous acid isoquioline Isoamylamine 3-Cyanopyridine Carbonyls Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Acrolein, Propionaldehyde, Crotonaldehyde, Methyl-Ethyl-Ketone, Butyraldehyde Phenolics Hydroquinone, Resorcinol, Catechol, Phenol, Cresol (m+p and o) Benzo[a]pyrene BaP (HPLC) Aromatic Amines 3- and 4-aminobiphenyl, 1- and 2- aminonapthlene, o-toluidine, o-anisidine Oxides of Nitrogen NO, NOx Hydrogen Cyanide HCN (gas and particulate phases) Ammonia NH3 by ion chromatography Volatiles Benzene, Toluene, 1,3-butadiene, Isoprene, Acrylonitrile Semi-Volatiles Pyridine, Quinoline, Styrene Trace Metals Nickel (Ni) Cadmium (Cd) Lead (Pb) Chromium (Cr) Arsenic (As) Selenium (Se) Mercury Mercury (Hg) Smoke pH Integrated Puff Profile Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) N-Nitrosoanabasine (NAB) N-Nitrosoanatabine (NAT) 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) Volatile Nitrosamines N,N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) N,N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) N,N-Nitrosoethylmethylamine (NEMA) N,N-Nitrosodipropylamine (NDPA) N,N-Nitrosodibuthylamine (NDBA) N-Nitrosopiperidine (NPIP) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Naphthalene 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-methylnaphthalene Acenaphthylene Acenaphthene Fluorene Phenanthrene Anthracene Fluoranthene Pyrene Benzo(a)anthracene Chrysene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Benzo(j)fluoranthene Benzo(g,h,l)perylene Benzo(e)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene Perylene Indeno(1,2,3,-cd)pyrene Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Dibenz(a,j)acridine Dibenz(a,h)acridine Dibenz(a,e)pyrene Dibenz(a,h)pyrene Dibenz(a,i)pyrene Dibenz(a,l)pyrene 7H-Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines 2-Amino-3-methylimidaszo(4,5-f)quinoline (IQ) 2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline (MeIQ) 2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (MeAaC) 2-Amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (AaC) 1-Methyl-9H-pyridol(3,4-b)indole (Harman) 9H-Pyrido(3,4-b)indole (Norharman) Nitrogen 280-320 mg (56-64%b) Oxygen 50-70 mg (11-14%b) Carbon dioxide 45-65 mg (9-13%b) Carbon monoxide 14-23 mg (2.8-4.6%b) Water 7-12 mg (1.4-2.4%b) Argon 5mg (1.0%b) Hydrogen 0.5-1.0 mg Ammonia 10-130 μg Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 100-600 μg Hydrogen cyanide 400-500 μg Hydrogen sulfide 20-90 μg Methane 1.0-2.0 mg Other volatile alkanes (20) 1.0-.16 mgc Volatile alkenes (16) 0.4-0.5mg Isoprene 0.2-0.4mg Butadiene 25-40μg Acetylene 20-35μg Benzene 12-50μg Toluene 20-60μg Styrene 10μg Other volatile aromatic hydrocarbons (29) 15-30μg Acetic acid 300-1,700 μg Propionic acid 100-300 μg Methyl formate 20-30 μg Other volatile acids (6) 5-10 μgc Formaldehyde 20-100 μg Acetaldehyde 400-1,400 μg Acetone Other volatile ketones (3) Methanol Other volatile alcohols (7) Acetonitrile Other volatile nitriles (I0) Furan Other volatile furans (4) Pyridine Picolines (3) 3-Vinylpyridine Other volatile pyridines (25) Pyrrole Pyrrolidine N-Methylpyrrolidine Volatile pyrazines (18) Methylamine Other aliphatic amines (32) Nornicotine Anatabine Anabasine Other tobacco alkaloids (17) Bipyridyls (4) n-Hentriacontane (n-C31H64) Total nonvolatile hydrocarbons (45)b Naphthalene Other naphthalenes (23) Phenanthrenes (7) Palmitic acid 100-150 Stearic acid 50-75 Oleic acid 40-110 Linoleic acid 60-150 Linolenic acid 150-250 Lactic acid 60-80 Indole 10-15 Skatole 12-16 Other indoles (13) NA Quinolines (7) 2-4 Other N-heterocyclic hydrocarbons (55) NA Benzofurans (4) 200-300 Other O-heterocyclic hydrocarbons (42) NA Stigmasterol 40-70 Sitosterol 30-40 Campesterol 20-30 Cholesterol 10-20 Aniline 0.36 Toluidines 0.23 Other aromatic amines (12) 0.25 Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (4)c 0.34-2.7 Glycerol PAH Benz(a)anthracene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(j)fluoranthene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Benzo(a)pyrene Chrysene Dibenz(a,h)anthracene Dibenzo(a,1)pyrene Dibenzo(a,1)pyrene Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene 5-Methylchrysene Aza-arenes Quinoline Dibenz(a,h)acridine Dibenz(aj)acridine 7H-Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole N-Nitrosamines N-Nitrosodimethylamine N-Nitrosoethyl methylamine N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine N-Nitrosodiethanolamine N’-Nitrosonomicotine 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1- (3-pyridyl)-1-butanone N’-Nitrosoanabasine N-Nitrosomorpholine 2-Toluidine 2-Naphthylamine 4-Aminobiphenyl Aldehydes Formaldehydea Acetaldehydea Crotonaldehyde Miscellaneous organic compounds Benzene Acrylonitrile 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 2-Nitropropane Ethylcarbamate Vinylchloride Inorganic compounds Hydrazine Arsenic Nickel Chromium Cadmium Lead Polonium-210 Asbestos Plutonium
The Rest of the Story
This example shows how absurd the regulatory approach taken by the FDA legislation is. The reality is that the FDA is not going to know whether or not its proposed changes to cigarette components are going to make cigarettes safer or not. So the FDA is going to use smokers as guinea pigs to figure that out. Now that may be fine; however, in the mean time, people are going to be given the implied message that cigarettes are safer. In other words, the fraud that the tobacco companies were found guilty of committing against American consumers by implying a safer product without documentation will now be transferred over to the United States government.
I don't think we want any part of this regulatory scheme.
Below are two lists of chemical ingredients in cigarettes and tobacco smoke. The first list is a partial, current list of ingredients and constituents. The second list is the same, but has 20 hazardous chemicals removed.
In a sense, this is a simulation of what the proposed strategy that is being promoted to make cigarettes safer through the FDA legislation would look like. The FDA would be given the authority to choose specific ingredients and require their reduction or elimination.
Let us assume, under a best case scenario, that the FDA is able to get through regulations that would eliminate 20 of the hazardous chemicals in cigarettes.
Here is the question:
How much safer is the second group of chemicals than the first group? What would the relative risk for lung cancer be if cigarettes contained the second list of chemicals, rather than the first list? How about the relative risk for emphysema? The relative risk for heart disease?
Since the anti-smoking groups supporting the FDA legislation claim that the bill would require cigarette companies to make their products safer, I assume that they will be able to answer this question.
I'll give these groups until Friday to respond. I'll report back on Friday with the responses that I receive.
How much safer will cigarettes be if we can knock out a whopping 20 of the hazardous ingredients?
List #1
Acetanisole, · Acetic Acid, · Acetoin, · Acetophenone, · 6-Acetoxydihydrotheaspirane, · 2-Acetyl-3- Ethylpyrazine, · 2-Acetyl-5-Methylfuran, · Acetylpyrazine, · 2-Acetylpyridine, · 3-Acetylpyridine, · 2-Acetylthiazole, · Aconitic Acid, · dl-Alanine, · Alfalfa Extract, · Allspice Extract, · Oleoresin, · And Oil, · Allyl Hexanoate, · Allyl Ionone, · Almond Bitter Oil, · Ambergris Tincture, · Ammonia, · Ammonium Bicarbonate, · Ammonium Hydroxide, · Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic, · Ammonium Sulfide, · Amyl Alcohol, · Amyl Butyrate, · Amyl Formate, · Amyl Octanoate, · alpha-Amylcinnamaldehyde, · Amyris Oil, · trans-Anethole, · Angelica Root Extract, Oil and Seed Oil, · Anise, · Anise Star, Extract and Oils, · Anisyl Acetate, · Anisyl Alcohol, · Anisyl Formate, · Anisyl Phenylacetate, · Apple Juice Concentrate, Extract, and Skins, · Apricot Extract and Juice Concentrate, · 1-Arginine, · Asafetida Fluid Extract And Oil, · Ascorbic Acid, · 1-Asparagine Monohydrate, · 1-Aspartic Acid, · Balsam Peru and Oil, · Basil Oil, · Bay Leaf, Oil and Sweet Oil, · Beeswax White, · Beet Juice Concentrate, · Benzaldehyde, · Benzaldehyde Glyceryl Acetal, · Benzoic Acid, Benzoin, · Benzoin Resin, · Benzophenone, · Benzyl Alcohol, · Benzyl Benzoate, · Benzyl Butyrate, · Benzyl Cinnamate, · Benzyl Propionate, · Benzyl Salicylate, · Bergamot Oil, · Bisabolene, · Black Currant Buds Absolute, · Borneol, · Bornyl Acetate, · Buchu Leaf Oil, · 1,3-Butanediol, · 2,3-Butanedione, · 1-Butanol, · 2-Butanone, · 4(2-Butenylidene)-3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-One, · Butter, Butter Esters, and Butter Oil, · Butyl Acetate, · Butyl Butyrate, · Butyl Butyryl Lactate, · Butyl Isovalerate, · Butyl Phenylacetate, · Butyl Undecylenate, · 3-Butylidenephthalide, · Butyric Acid, · Cadinene, · Caffeine, · Calcium Carbonate, · Camphene, · Cananga Oil, · Capsicum Oleoresin, · Caramel Color, · Caraway Oil, · Carbon Dioxide, · Cardamom Oleoresin, Extract, Seed Oil, and Powder, · Carob Bean and Extract, · beta-Carotene, · Carrot Oil, · Carvacrol, · 4-Carvomenthenol, · 1-Carvone, · beta-Caryophyllene, · beta-Caryophyllene Oxide, · Cascarilla Oil and Bark Extract, · Cassia Bark Oil, · Cassie Absolute and Oil, · Castoreum Extract, Tincture and Absolute, · Cedar Leaf Oil, · Cedarwood Oil Terpenes and Virginiana, · Cedrol, · Celery Seed Extract, Solid, Oil, And Oleoresin, · Cellulose Fiber, · Chamomile Flower Oil And Extract, · Chicory Extract, · Chocolate, · Cinnamaldehyde, · Cinnamic Acid, · Cinnamon Leaf Oil, Bark Oil, and Extract, · Cinnamyl Acetate, · Cinnamyl Alcohol, · Cinnamyl Cinnamate, · Cinnamyl Isovalerate, · Cinnamyl Propionate, · Citral, · Citric Acid, · Citronella Oil, · dl-Citronellol, · Citronellyl Butyrate, · Citronellyl Isobutyrate, · Civet Absolute, · Clary Oil, · Clover Tops, Red Solid Extract, · Cocoa, · Cocoa Shells, Extract, Distillate And Powder, · Coconut Oil, · Coffee, · Cognac White and Green Oil, · Copaiba Oil, · Coriander Extract and Oil, · Corn Oil, · Corn Silk, · Costus Root Oil, · Cubeb Oil, · Cuminaldehyde, · para-Cymene, · 1-Cysteine, · Dandelion Root Solid Extract, · Davana Oil, · 2-trans, 4-trans-Decadienal, · delta-Decalactone, · gamma-Decalactone, · Decanal, · Decanoic Acid, · 1-Decanol, · 2-Decenal, · Dehydromenthofurolactone, · Diethyl Malonate, · Diethyl Sebacate, · 2,3-Diethylpyrazine, · Dihydro Anethole, · 5,7-Dihydro-2-Methylthieno(3,4-D) Pyrimidine, · Dill Seed Oil and Extract, · meta-Dimethoxybenzene, · para-Dimethoxybenzene, · 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol, · Dimethyl Succinate, · 3,4-Dimethyl-1,2-Cyclopentanedione, · 3,5- Dimethyl-1,2-Cyclopentanedione, · 3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-Octatriene, · 4,5-Dimethyl-3-Hydroxy-2,5-Dihydrofuran-2-One, · 6,10-Dimethyl-5,9-Undecadien-2-One, · 3,7-Dimethyl-6-Octenoic Acid, · 2,4-Dimethylacetophenone, · alpha,para-Dimethylbenzyl Alcohol, · alpha,alpha-Dimethylphenethyl Acetate, · alpha,alpha Dimethylphenethyl Butyrate, · 2,3-Dimethylpyrazine, · 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine, · 2,6-Dimethylpyrazine, · Dimethyltetrahydrobenzofuranone, · delta-Dodecalactone, · gamma-Dodecalactone, · para-Ethoxybenzaldehyde, · Ethyl 10-Undecenoate, · Ethyl 2-Methylbutyrate, · Ethyl Acetate, · Ethyl Acetoacetate, · Ethyl Alcohol, · Ethyl Benzoate, · Ethyl Butyrate, · Ethyl Cinnamate, · Ethyl Decanoate, · Ethyl Fenchol, · Ethyl Furoate, · Ethyl Heptanoate, · Ethyl Hexanoate, · Ethyl Isovalerate, · Ethyl Lactate, · Ethyl Laurate, · Ethyl Levulinate, · Ethyl Maltol, · Ethyl Methyl Phenylglycidate, · Ethyl Myristate, · Ethyl Nonanoate, · Ethyl Octadecanoate, · Ethyl Octanoate, · Ethyl Oleate, · Ethyl Palmitate, · Ethyl Phenylacetate, · Ethyl Propionate, · Ethyl Salicylate, · Ethyl trans-2-Butenoate, · Ethyl Valerate, · Ethyl Vanillin, · 2-Ethyl (or Methyl)-(3,5 and 6)-Methoxypyrazine, · 2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol, 3-Ethyl -2 -Hydroxy-2-Cyclopenten-1-One, · 2-Ethyl-3, (5 or 6)-Dimethylpyrazine, · 5-Ethyl-3-Hydroxy-4-Methyl-2(5H)-Furanone, · 2-Ethyl-3-Methylpyrazine, · 4-Ethylbenzaldehyde, · 4-Ethylguaiacol, · para-Ethylphenol, · 3-Ethylpyridine, · Eucalyptol, · Farnesol, · D-Fenchone, · Fennel Sweet Oil, · Fenugreek, Extract, Resin, and Absolute, · Fig Juice Concentrate, · Food Starch Modified, · Furfuryl Mercaptan, · 4-(2-Furyl)-3-Buten-2-One, · Galbanum Oil, · Genet Absolute, · Gentian Root Extract, · Geraniol, · Geranium Rose Oil, · Geranyl Acetate, · Geranyl Butyrate, · Geranyl Formate, · Geranyl Isovalerate, · Geranyl Phenylacetate, · Ginger Oil and Oleoresin, · 1-Glutamic Acid, · 1-Glutamine, · Glycerol, · Glycyrrhizin Ammoniated, · Grape Juice Concentrate, · Guaiac Wood Oil, · Guaiacol, · Guar Gum, · 2,4-Heptadienal, · gamma-Heptalactone, · Heptanoic Acid, · 2-Heptanone, · 3-Hepten-2-One, · 2-Hepten-4-One, · 4-Heptenal, · trans -2-Heptenal, · Heptyl Acetate, · omega-6-Hexadecenlactone, · gamma-Hexalactone, · Hexanal, · Hexanoic Acid, · 2-Hexen-1-Ol, · 3-Hexen-1-Ol, · cis-3-Hexen-1-Yl Acetate, · 2-Hexenal, · 3-Hexenoic Acid, · trans-2-Hexenoic Acid, · cis-3-Hexenyl Formate, · Hexyl 2-Methylbutyrate, · Hexyl Acetate, · Hexyl Alcohol, · Hexyl Phenylacetate, · 1-Histidine, · Honey, · Hops Oil, · Hydrolyzed Milk Solids, · Hydrolyzed Plant Proteins, · 5-Hydroxy-2,4-Decadienoic Acid delta- Lactone, · 4-Hydroxy-2,5-Dimethyl-3(2H)-Furanone, · 2-Hydroxy-3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-One, · 4-Hydroxy -3-Pentenoic Acid Lactone, · 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylbenzaldehyde, · 4-Hydroxybutanoic Acid Lactone, · Hydroxycitronellal, · 6-Hydroxydihydrotheaspirane, · 4-(para-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-Butanone, · Hyssop Oil, · Immortelle Absolute and Extract, · alpha-Ionone, · beta-Ionone, · alpha-Irone, · Isoamyl Acetate, · Isoamyl Benzoate, · Isoamyl Butyrate, · Isoamyl Cinnamate, · Isoamyl Formate, Isoamyl Hexanoate, · Isoamyl Isovalerate, · Isoamyl Octanoate, · Isoamyl Phenylacetate, · Isobornyl Acetate, · Isobutyl Acetate, · Isobutyl Alcohol, · Isobutyl Cinnamate, · Isobutyl Phenylacetate, · Isobutyl Salicylate, · 2-Isobutyl-3-Methoxypyrazine, · alpha-Isobutylphenethyl Alcohol, · Isobutyraldehyde, · Isobutyric Acid, · d,l-Isoleucine, · alpha-Isomethylionone, · 2-Isopropylphenol, · Isovaleric Acid, · Jasmine Absolute, Concrete and Oil, · Kola Nut Extract, · Labdanum Absolute and Oleoresin, · Lactic Acid, · Lauric Acid, · Lauric Aldehyde, · Lavandin Oil, · Lavender Oil, · Lemon Oil and Extract, · Lemongrass Oil, · 1-Leucine, · Levulinic Acid, · Licorice Root, Fluid, Extract and Powder, · Lime Oil , · Linalool, · Linalool Oxide, · Linalyl Acetate, · Linden Flowers, · Lovage Oil And Extract, · 1-Lysine, · Mace Powder, Extract and Oil , · Magnesium Carbonate, · Malic Acid, · Malt and Malt Extract, · Maltodextrin, · Maltol, · Maltyl Isobutyrate, · Mandarin Oil, · Maple Syrup and Concentrate, · Mate Leaf, Absolute and Oil, · para-Mentha-8-Thiol-3-One, · Menthol, · Menthone, · Menthyl Acetate, · dl-Methionine, · Methoprene, · 2-Methoxy-4-Methylphenol, · 2-Methoxy-4-Vinylphenol, · para-Methoxybenzaldehyde, · 1-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-1-Penten-3-One, · 4-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Butanone, · 1-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Propanone, · Methoxypyrazine, · Methyl 2-Furoate, · Methyl 2-Octynoate, · Methyl 2-Pyrrolyl Ketone, · Methyl Anisate, · Methyl Anthranilate, · Methyl Benzoate, · Methyl Cinnamate, · Methyl Dihydrojasmonate, · Methyl Ester of Rosin, Partially Hydrogenated, · Methyl Isovalerate, · Methyl Linoleate (48%), · Methyl Linolenate (52%) Mixture, · Methyl Naphthyl Ketone, · Methyl Nicotinate, · Methyl Phenylacetate, · Methyl Salicylate, · Methyl Sulfide, · 3-Methyl-1-Cyclopentadecanone, · 4-Methyl-1-Phenyl-2-Pentanone, · 5-Methyl-2-Phenyl-2-Hexenal, · 5-Methyl-2-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde, · 6-Methyl-3,-5-Heptadien-2-One, · 2-Methyl-3-(para-Isopropylphenyl) Propionaldehyde, · 5-Methyl-3-Hexen-2-One, · 1-Methyl-3Methoxy-4-Isopropylbenzene, · 4-Methyl-3-Pentene-2-One, · 2-Methyl-4-Phenylbutyraldehyde, · 6-Methyl-5-Hepten-2-One, · 4-Methyl-5-Thiazoleethanol, · 4-Methyl-5-Vinylthiazole, · Methyl-alpha-Ionone, · Methyl-trans-2-Butenoic Acid, · 4-Methylacetophenone, · para-Methylanisole, · alpha-Methylbenzyl Acetate, · alpha-Methylbenzyl Alcohol, · 2-Methylbutyraldehyde, · 3-Methylbutyraldehyde, · 2-Methylbutyric Acid, · alpha-Methylcinnamaldehyde, · Methylcyclopentenolone, · 2-Methylheptanoic Acid, · 2-Methylhexanoic Acid, · 3-Methylpentanoic Acid, · 4-Methylpentanoic Acid, · 2-Methylpyrazine, · 5-Methylquinoxaline, · 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-One * (Methylthio)Methylpyrazine (Mixture Of Isomers), · 3-Methylthiopropionaldehyde, · Methyl 3-Methylthiopropionate, · 2-Methylvaleric Acid, · Mimosa Absolute and Extract, · Molasses Extract and Tincture, · Mountain Maple Solid Extract, · Mullein Flowers, · Myristaldehyde, · Myristic Acid, · Myrrh Oil, · beta-Napthyl Ethyl Ether, · Nerol, · Neroli Bigarde Oil, · Nerolidol, · Nona-2-trans,6-cis-Dienal, · 2,6-Nonadien-1-Ol, · gamma-Nonalactone, · Nonanal, · Nonanoic Acid, · Nonanone, · trans-2-Nonen-1-Ol, · 2-Nonenal, · Nonyl Acetate, · Nutmeg Powder and Oil, · Oak Chips Extract and Oil, · Oak Moss Absolute, · 9,12-Octadecadienoic Acid (48%) And 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic Acid (52%), · delta-Octalactone, · gamma-Octalactone, · Octanal, · Octanoic Acid, · 1-Octanol, · 2-Octanone, · 3-Octen-2-One, · 1-Octen-3-Ol, · 1-Octen-3-Yl Acetate, · 2-Octenal, · Octyl Isobutyrate, · Oleic Acid , · Olibanum Oil, · Opoponax Oil And Gum, · Orange Blossoms Water, Absolute, and Leaf Absolute, · Orange Oil and Extract, · Origanum Oil, · Orris Concrete Oil and Root Extract, · Palmarosa Oil, · Palmitic Acid, · Parsley Seed Oil, · Patchouli Oil, · omega-Pentadecalactone, · 2,3-Pentanedione, · 2-Pentanone, · 4-Pentenoic Acid, · 2-Pentylpyridine, · Pepper Oil, Black And White, · Peppermint Oil, · Peruvian (Bois De Rose) Oil, · Petitgrain Absolute, Mandarin Oil and Terpeneless Oil, · alpha-Phellandrene, · 2-Phenenthyl Acetate, · Phenenthyl Alcohol, · Phenethyl Butyrate, · Phenethyl Cinnamate, · Phenethyl Isobutyrate, · Phenethyl Isovalerate, · Phenethyl Phenylacetate, · Phenethyl Salicylate, · 1-Phenyl-1-Propanol, · 3-Phenyl-1-Propanol, · 2-Phenyl-2-Butenal, · 4-Phenyl-3-Buten-2-Ol, · 4-Phenyl-3-Buten-2-One, · Phenylacetaldehyde, · Phenylacetic Acid, · 1-Phenylalanine, · 3-Phenylpropionaldehyde, · 3-Phenylpropionic Acid, · 3-Phenylpropyl Acetate, · 3-Phenylpropyl Cinnamate, · 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)Tetrahydrofuran, · Phosphoric Acid, · Pimenta Leaf Oil, · Pine Needle Oil, Pine Oil, Scotch, · Pineapple Juice Concentrate, · alpha-Pinene, beta-Pinene, · D-Piperitone, · Piperonal, · Pipsissewa Leaf Extract, · Plum Juice, · Potassium Sorbate, · 1-Proline, · Propenylguaethol, · Propionic Acid, · Propyl Acetate, · Propyl para-Hydroxybenzoate, · Propylene Glycol, · 3-Propylidenephthalide, · Prune Juice and Concentrate, · Pyridine, · Pyroligneous Acid And Extract, * * Pyrrole, * Pyruvic Acid, * Raisin Juice Concentrate, * Rhodinol, * Rose Absolute and Oil, * Rosemary Oil, * Rum, * Rum Ether, * Rye Extract, * Sage, Sage Oil, and Sage Oleoresin, * Salicylaldehyde, * Sandalwood Oil, Yellow, * Sclareolide, * Skatole, * Smoke Flavor, * Snakeroot Oil, * Sodium Acetate, * Sodium Benzoate, * Sodium Bicarbonate, * Sodium Carbonate, * Sodium Chloride, * Sodium Citrate, * Sodium Hydroxide, * Solanone, * Spearmint Oil, * Styrax Extract, Gum and Oil, * Sucrose Octaacetate, * Sugar Alcohols, * Sugars, * Tagetes Oil, * Tannic Acid, * Tartaric Acid, * Tea Leaf and Absolute, * alpha-Terpineol, * Terpinolene, * Terpinyl Acetate, * 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinoxaline, * 1,5,5,9-Tetramethyl-13-Oxatricyclo(8.3.0.0(4,9))Tridecane, * 2,3,4,5, and 3,4,5,6-Tetramethylethyl-Cyclohexanone, * 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine, * Thiamine Hydrochloride, * Thiazole, * 1-Threonine, * Thyme Oil, White and Red, * Thymol, * Tobacco Extracts, * Tochopherols (mixed), * Tolu Balsam Gum and Extract, * Tolualdehydes, * para-Tolyl 3-Methylbutyrate, * para-Tolyl Acetaldehyde, * para-Tolyl Acetate, * para-Tolyl Isobutyrate, * para-Tolyl Phenylacetate, * Triacetin, * 2-Tridecanone, * 2-Tridecenal, * Triethyl Citrate, * 3,5,5-Trimethyl -1-Hexanol, * para,alpha,alpha-Trimethylbenzyl Alcohol, * 4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-1-Enyl)But-2-En-4-One, * 2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-2-Ene-1,4-Dione, * 2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-Dienyl Methan, * 4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-Dienyl)But-2-En-4-One, * 2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexanone, * 2,3,5-Trimethylpyrazine, * 1-Tyrosine, * delta-Undercalactone, * gamma-Undecalactone, * Undecanal, * 2-Undecanone, 1 * 0-Undecenal, * Urea, * Valencene, * Valeraldehyde, * Valerian Root Extract, Oil and Powder, * Valeric Acid, * gamma-Valerolactone, * Valine, * Vanilla Extract And Oleoresin, * Vanillin, * Veratraldehyde, * Vetiver Oil, * Vinegar, * Violet Leaf Absolute, * Walnut Hull Extract, * Water, * Wheat Extract And Flour, * Wild Cherry Bark Extract, * Wine and Wine Sherry, * Xanthan Gum, * 3,4-Xylenol, * Yeast Benzene 2-Napthylamine 4-Aminobiphenyl Nickel Polonium 210 (radioactive) Nitrogen oxides N-Nitrosodimethylamine N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine 1,3-Butadiene Analine Formaldehyde Hydrazine N-Nitrodiethanolamine Cadmium Benzo[a]pyrene Benz[a]anthracene Y-Butyrolactone Particulate matter N-Nitrosonornicotine NNK Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Carbonyl sulfide Toluene Acrolein Acetone Pyridine 3-Methylpyridine 3-Vinylpyridine Hydrogen cyanide Ammonia Methylamine Dimethylamine Nicotine Anatabine Phenol Catechol Hydorquinone Cholesterol Quinoline Harman Zinc Benzoic acid Lactic acid Glycolic acid Succinic acit PCDDs and PCDFs (Dioxins, Dibenzofurans) Formic acid Acetic acid Methyl chloride Dimethylnitrosamine Ethylmethylnitrosamine Nitrosopyrrolidine Hydrazine Vinyl Chloride Urethane Formaldehyde Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen Cyanide Acrolein Acetadehyde Nitrogen oxides Ammonia Pyridine Nitric acid Mathylamine Hydrogen cyanide Indole 3-hydroxypyridine 3-vinylpyridine Acetone Acetonitrile Acrolein 1,3-Butadiene, mg Nitrous acid isoquioline Isoamylamine 3-Cyanopyridine Carbonyls Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Acrolein, Propionaldehyde, Crotonaldehyde, Methyl-Ethyl-Ketone, Butyraldehyde Phenolics Hydroquinone, Resorcinol, Catechol, Phenol, Cresol (m+p and o) Benzo[a]pyrene BaP (HPLC) Aromatic Amines 3- and 4-aminobiphenyl, 1- and 2- aminonapthlene, o-toluidine, o-anisidine Oxides of Nitrogen NO, NOx Hydrogen Cyanide HCN (gas and particulate phases) Ammonia NH3 by ion chromatography Volatiles Benzene, Toluene, 1,3-butadiene, Isoprene, Acrylonitrile Semi-Volatiles Pyridine, Quinoline, Styrene Trace Metals Nickel (Ni) Cadmium (Cd) Lead (Pb) Chromium (Cr) Arsenic (As) Selenium (Se) Mercury Mercury (Hg) Smoke pH Integrated Puff Profile Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) N-Nitrosoanabasine (NAB) N-Nitrosoanatabine (NAT) 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) Volatile Nitrosamines N,N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) N,N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) N,N-Nitrosoethylmethylamine (NEMA) N,N-Nitrosodipropylamine (NDPA) N,N-Nitrosodibuthylamine (NDBA) N-Nitrosopiperidine (NPIP) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Naphthalene 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-methylnaphthalene Acenaphthylene Acenaphthene Fluorene Phenanthrene Anthracene Fluoranthene Pyrene Benzo(a)anthracene Chrysene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Benzo(j)fluoranthene Benzo(g,h,l)perylene Benzo(e)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene Perylene Indeno(1,2,3,-cd)pyrene Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Dibenz(a,j)acridine Dibenz(a,h)acridine Dibenz(a,e)pyrene Dibenz(a,h)pyrene Dibenz(a,i)pyrene Dibenz(a,l)pyrene 7H-Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines 2-Amino-3-methylimidaszo(4,5-f)quinoline (IQ) 2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline (MeIQ) 2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (MeAaC) 2-Amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (AaC) 1-Methyl-9H-pyridol(3,4-b)indole (Harman) 9H-Pyrido(3,4-b)indole (Norharman) Nitrogen 280-320 mg (56-64%b) Oxygen 50-70 mg (11-14%b) Carbon dioxide 45-65 mg (9-13%b) Carbon monoxide 14-23 mg (2.8-4.6%b) Water 7-12 mg (1.4-2.4%b) Argon 5mg (1.0%b) Hydrogen 0.5-1.0 mg Ammonia 10-130 μg Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 100-600 μg Hydrogen cyanide 400-500 μg Hydrogen sulfide 20-90 μg Methane 1.0-2.0 mg Other volatile alkanes (20) 1.0-.16 mgc Volatile alkenes (16) 0.4-0.5mg Isoprene 0.2-0.4mg Butadiene 25-40μg Acetylene 20-35μg Benzene 12-50μg Toluene 20-60μg Styrene 10μg Other volatile aromatic hydrocarbons (29) 15-30μg Formic acid 200-600 μg Acetic acid 300-1,700 μg Propionic acid 100-300 μg Methyl formate 20-30 μg Other volatile acids (6) 5-10 μgc Formaldehyde 20-100 μg Acetaldehyde 400-1,400 μg Acrolein 60-140 μg Other volatile aldehydes (6) Acetone Other volatile ketones (3) Methanol Other volatile alcohols (7) Acetonitrile Other volatile nitriles (I0) Furan Other volatile furans (4) Pyridine Picolines (3) 3-Vinylpyridine Other volatile pyridines (25) Pyrrole Pyrrolidine N-Methylpyrrolidine Volatile pyrazines (18) Methylamine Other aliphatic amines (32) Nornicotine Anatabine Anabasine Other tobacco alkaloids (17) Bipyridyls (4) n-Hentriacontane (n-C31H64) Total nonvolatile hydrocarbons (45)b Naphthalene Other naphthalenes (23) Phenanthrenes (7) Anthracenes (5) Fluorenes (7) Pyrenes (6) Fluoranthenes (5) Carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (11)c Phenol Other phenols (45)b Catechol Other catechols (4) Other dihydroxybenzenes (10) Scopoletin Other polyphenols (8)b Cyclotenes (10)b Quinones (7) Solanesol Neophytadienes (4) 200-350 Limonene 30-60 Other terpenes (200-250)b NA Palmitic acid 100-150 Stearic acid 50-75 Oleic acid 40-110 Linoleic acid 60-150 Linolenic acid 150-250 Lactic acid 60-80 Indole 10-15 Skatole 12-16 Other indoles (13) NA Quinolines (7) 2-4 Other N-heterocyclic hydrocarbons (55) NA Benzofurans (4) 200-300 Other O-heterocyclic hydrocarbons (42) NA Stigmasterol 40-70 Sitosterol 30-40 Campesterol 20-30 Cholesterol 10-20 Aniline 0.36 Toluidines 0.23 Other aromatic amines (12) 0.25 Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (4)c 0.34-2.7 Glycerol PAH Benz(a)anthracene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(j)fluoranthene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Benzo(a)pyrene Chrysene Dibenz(a,h)anthracene Dibenzo(a,1)pyrene Dibenzo(a,1)pyrene Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene 5-Methylchrysene Aza-arenes Quinoline Dibenz(a,h)acridine Dibenz(aj)acridine 7H-Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole N-Nitrosamines N-Nitrosodimethylamine N-Nitrosoethyl methylamine N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine N-Nitrosodiethanolamine N’-Nitrosonomicotine 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1- (3-pyridyl)-1-butanone N’-Nitrosoanabasine N-Nitrosomorpholine 2-Toluidine 2-Naphthylamine 4-Aminobiphenyl Aldehydes Formaldehydea Acetaldehydea Crotonaldehyde Miscellaneous organic compounds Benzene Acrylonitrile 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 2-Nitropropane Ethylcarbamate Vinylchloride Inorganic compounds Hydrazine Arsenic Nickel Chromium Cadmium Lead Polonium-210 Asbestos Plutonium
List #2
Acetanisole, · Acetic Acid, · Acetoin, · Acetophenone, · 6-Acetoxydihydrotheaspirane, · 2-Acetyl-3- Ethylpyrazine, · 2-Acetyl-5-Methylfuran, · Acetylpyrazine, · 2-Acetylpyridine, · 3-Acetylpyridine, · 2-Acetylthiazole, · Aconitic Acid, · dl-Alanine, · Alfalfa Extract, · Allspice Extract, · Oleoresin, · And Oil, · Allyl Hexanoate, · Allyl Ionone, · Almond Bitter Oil, · Ambergris Tincture, · Ammonia, · Ammonium Bicarbonate, · Ammonium Hydroxide, · Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic, · Ammonium Sulfide, · Amyl Alcohol, · Amyl Butyrate, · Amyl Formate, · Amyl Octanoate, · alpha-Amylcinnamaldehyde, · Amyris Oil, · trans-Anethole, · Angelica Root Extract, Oil and Seed Oil, · Anise, · Anise Star, Extract and Oils, · Anisyl Acetate, · Anisyl Alcohol, · Anisyl Formate, · Anisyl Phenylacetate, · Apple Juice Concentrate, Extract, and Skins, · Apricot Extract and Juice Concentrate, · 1-Arginine, · Asafetida Fluid Extract And Oil, · Ascorbic Acid, · 1-Asparagine Monohydrate, · 1-Aspartic Acid, · Balsam Peru and Oil, · Basil Oil, · Bay Leaf, Oil and Sweet Oil, · Beeswax White, · Beet Juice Concentrate, · Benzaldehyde, · Benzaldehyde Glyceryl Acetal, · Benzoic Acid, Benzoin, · Benzoin Resin, · Benzophenone, · Benzyl Alcohol, · Benzyl Benzoate, · Benzyl Butyrate, · Benzyl Cinnamate, · Benzyl Propionate, · Benzyl Salicylate, · Bergamot Oil, · Bisabolene, · Black Currant Buds Absolute, · Borneol, · Bornyl Acetate, · Buchu Leaf Oil, · 1,3-Butanediol, · 2,3-Butanedione, · 1-Butanol, · 2-Butanone, · 4(2-Butenylidene)-3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-One, · Butter, Butter Esters, and Butter Oil, · Butyl Acetate, · Butyl Butyrate, · Butyl Butyryl Lactate, · Butyl Isovalerate, · Butyl Phenylacetate, · Butyl Undecylenate, · 3-Butylidenephthalide, · Butyric Acid, · Cadinene, · Caffeine, · Calcium Carbonate, · Camphene, · Cananga Oil, · Capsicum Oleoresin, · Caramel Color, · Caraway Oil, · Carbon Dioxide, · Cardamom Oleoresin, Extract, Seed Oil, and Powder, · Carob Bean and Extract, · beta-Carotene, · Carrot Oil, · Carvacrol, · 4-Carvomenthenol, · 1-Carvone, · beta-Caryophyllene, · beta-Caryophyllene Oxide, · Cascarilla Oil and Bark Extract, · Cassia Bark Oil, · Cassie Absolute and Oil, · Castoreum Extract, Tincture and Absolute, · Cedar Leaf Oil, · Cedarwood Oil Terpenes and Virginiana, · Cedrol, · Celery Seed Extract, Solid, Oil, And Oleoresin, · Cellulose Fiber, · Chamomile Flower Oil And Extract, · Chicory Extract, · Chocolate, · Cinnamaldehyde, · Cinnamic Acid, · Cinnamon Leaf Oil, Bark Oil, and Extract, · Cinnamyl Acetate, · Cinnamyl Alcohol, · Cinnamyl Cinnamate, · Cinnamyl Isovalerate, · Cinnamyl Propionate, · Citral, · Citric Acid, · Citronella Oil, · dl-Citronellol, · Citronellyl Butyrate, · Citronellyl Isobutyrate, · Civet Absolute, · Clary Oil, · Clover Tops, Red Solid Extract, · Cocoa, · Cocoa Shells, Extract, Distillate And Powder, · Coconut Oil, · Coffee, · Cognac White and Green Oil, · Copaiba Oil, · Coriander Extract and Oil, · Corn Oil, · Corn Silk, · Costus Root Oil, · Cubeb Oil, · Cuminaldehyde, · para-Cymene, · 1-Cysteine, · Dandelion Root Solid Extract, · Davana Oil, · 2-trans, 4-trans-Decadienal, · delta-Decalactone, · gamma-Decalactone, · Decanal, · Decanoic Acid, · 1-Decanol, · 2-Decenal, · Dehydromenthofurolactone, · Diethyl Malonate, · Diethyl Sebacate, · 2,3-Diethylpyrazine, · Dihydro Anethole, · 5,7-Dihydro-2-Methylthieno(3,4-D) Pyrimidine, · Dill Seed Oil and Extract, · meta-Dimethoxybenzene, · para-Dimethoxybenzene, · 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol, · Dimethyl Succinate, · 3,4-Dimethyl-1,2-Cyclopentanedione, · 3,5- Dimethyl-1,2-Cyclopentanedione, · 3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-Octatriene, · 4,5-Dimethyl-3-Hydroxy-2,5-Dihydrofuran-2-One, · 6,10-Dimethyl-5,9-Undecadien-2-One, · 3,7-Dimethyl-6-Octenoic Acid, · 2,4-Dimethylacetophenone, · alpha,para-Dimethylbenzyl Alcohol, · alpha,alpha-Dimethylphenethyl Acetate, · alpha,alpha Dimethylphenethyl Butyrate, · 2,3-Dimethylpyrazine, · 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine, · 2,6-Dimethylpyrazine, · Dimethyltetrahydrobenzofuranone, · delta-Dodecalactone, · gamma-Dodecalactone, · para-Ethoxybenzaldehyde, · Ethyl 10-Undecenoate, · Ethyl 2-Methylbutyrate, · Ethyl Acetate, · Ethyl Acetoacetate, · Ethyl Alcohol, · Ethyl Benzoate, · Ethyl Butyrate, · Ethyl Cinnamate, · Ethyl Decanoate, · Ethyl Fenchol, · Ethyl Furoate, · Ethyl Heptanoate, · Ethyl Hexanoate, · Ethyl Isovalerate, · Ethyl Lactate, · Ethyl Laurate, · Ethyl Levulinate, · Ethyl Maltol, · Ethyl Methyl Phenylglycidate, · Ethyl Myristate, · Ethyl Nonanoate, · Ethyl Octadecanoate, · Ethyl Octanoate, · Ethyl Oleate, · Ethyl Palmitate, · Ethyl Phenylacetate, · Ethyl Propionate, · Ethyl Salicylate, · Ethyl trans-2-Butenoate, · Ethyl Valerate, · Ethyl Vanillin, · 2-Ethyl (or Methyl)-(3,5 and 6)-Methoxypyrazine, · 2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol, 3-Ethyl -2 -Hydroxy-2-Cyclopenten-1-One, · 2-Ethyl-3, (5 or 6)-Dimethylpyrazine, · 5-Ethyl-3-Hydroxy-4-Methyl-2(5H)-Furanone, · 2-Ethyl-3-Methylpyrazine, · 4-Ethylbenzaldehyde, · 4-Ethylguaiacol, · para-Ethylphenol, · 3-Ethylpyridine, · Eucalyptol, · Farnesol, · D-Fenchone, · Fennel Sweet Oil, · Fenugreek, Extract, Resin, and Absolute, · Fig Juice Concentrate, · Food Starch Modified, · Furfuryl Mercaptan, · 4-(2-Furyl)-3-Buten-2-One, · Galbanum Oil, · Genet Absolute, · Gentian Root Extract, · Geraniol, · Geranium Rose Oil, · Geranyl Acetate, · Geranyl Butyrate, · Geranyl Formate, · Geranyl Isovalerate, · Geranyl Phenylacetate, · Ginger Oil and Oleoresin, · 1-Glutamic Acid, · 1-Glutamine, · Glycerol, · Glycyrrhizin Ammoniated, · Grape Juice Concentrate, · Guaiac Wood Oil, · Guaiacol, · Guar Gum, · 2,4-Heptadienal, · gamma-Heptalactone, · Heptanoic Acid, · 2-Heptanone, · 3-Hepten-2-One, · 2-Hepten-4-One, · 4-Heptenal, · trans -2-Heptenal, · Heptyl Acetate, · omega-6-Hexadecenlactone, · gamma-Hexalactone, · Hexanal, · Hexanoic Acid, · 2-Hexen-1-Ol, · 3-Hexen-1-Ol, · cis-3-Hexen-1-Yl Acetate, · 2-Hexenal, · 3-Hexenoic Acid, · trans-2-Hexenoic Acid, · cis-3-Hexenyl Formate, · Hexyl 2-Methylbutyrate, · Hexyl Acetate, · Hexyl Alcohol, · Hexyl Phenylacetate, · 1-Histidine, · Honey, · Hops Oil, · Hydrolyzed Milk Solids, · Hydrolyzed Plant Proteins, · 5-Hydroxy-2,4-Decadienoic Acid delta- Lactone, · 4-Hydroxy-2,5-Dimethyl-3(2H)-Furanone, · 2-Hydroxy-3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-One, · 4-Hydroxy -3-Pentenoic Acid Lactone, · 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylbenzaldehyde, · 4-Hydroxybutanoic Acid Lactone, · Hydroxycitronellal, · 6-Hydroxydihydrotheaspirane, · 4-(para-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-Butanone, · Hyssop Oil, · Immortelle Absolute and Extract, · alpha-Ionone, · beta-Ionone, · alpha-Irone, · Isoamyl Acetate, · Isoamyl Benzoate, · Isoamyl Butyrate, · Isoamyl Cinnamate, · Isoamyl Formate, Isoamyl Hexanoate, · Isoamyl Isovalerate, · Isoamyl Octanoate, · Isoamyl Phenylacetate, · Isobornyl Acetate, · Isobutyl Acetate, · Isobutyl Alcohol, · Isobutyl Cinnamate, · Isobutyl Phenylacetate, · Isobutyl Salicylate, · 2-Isobutyl-3-Methoxypyrazine, · alpha-Isobutylphenethyl Alcohol, · Isobutyraldehyde, · Isobutyric Acid, · d,l-Isoleucine, · alpha-Isomethylionone, · 2-Isopropylphenol, · Isovaleric Acid, · Jasmine Absolute, Concrete and Oil, · Kola Nut Extract, · Labdanum Absolute and Oleoresin, · Lactic Acid, · Lauric Acid, · Lauric Aldehyde, · Lavandin Oil, · Lavender Oil, · Lemon Oil and Extract, · Lemongrass Oil, · 1-Leucine, · Levulinic Acid, · Licorice Root, Fluid, Extract and Powder, · Lime Oil , · Linalool, · Linalool Oxide, · Linalyl Acetate, · Linden Flowers, · Lovage Oil And Extract, · 1-Lysine, · Mace Powder, Extract and Oil , · Magnesium Carbonate, · Malic Acid, · Malt and Malt Extract, · Maltodextrin, · Maltol, · Maltyl Isobutyrate, · Mandarin Oil, · Maple Syrup and Concentrate, · Mate Leaf, Absolute and Oil, · para-Mentha-8-Thiol-3-One, · Menthol, · Menthone, · Menthyl Acetate, · dl-Methionine, · Methoprene, · 2-Methoxy-4-Methylphenol, · 2-Methoxy-4-Vinylphenol, · para-Methoxybenzaldehyde, · 1-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-1-Penten-3-One, · 4-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Butanone, · 1-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Propanone, · Methoxypyrazine, · Methyl 2-Furoate, · Methyl 2-Octynoate, · Methyl 2-Pyrrolyl Ketone, · Methyl Anisate, · Methyl Anthranilate, · Methyl Benzoate, · Methyl Cinnamate, · Methyl Dihydrojasmonate, · Methyl Ester of Rosin, Partially Hydrogenated, · Methyl Isovalerate, · Methyl Linoleate (48%), · Methyl Linolenate (52%) Mixture, · Methyl Naphthyl Ketone, · Methyl Nicotinate, · Methyl Phenylacetate, · Methyl Salicylate, · Methyl Sulfide, · 3-Methyl-1-Cyclopentadecanone, · 4-Methyl-1-Phenyl-2-Pentanone, · 5-Methyl-2-Phenyl-2-Hexenal, · 5-Methyl-2-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde, · 6-Methyl-3,-5-Heptadien-2-One, · 2-Methyl-3-(para-Isopropylphenyl) Propionaldehyde, · 5-Methyl-3-Hexen-2-One, · 1-Methyl-3Methoxy-4-Isopropylbenzene, · 4-Methyl-3-Pentene-2-One, · 2-Methyl-4-Phenylbutyraldehyde, · 6-Methyl-5-Hepten-2-One, · 4-Methyl-5-Thiazoleethanol, · 4-Methyl-5-Vinylthiazole, · Methyl-alpha-Ionone, · Methyl-trans-2-Butenoic Acid, · 4-Methylacetophenone, · para-Methylanisole, · alpha-Methylbenzyl Acetate, · alpha-Methylbenzyl Alcohol, · 2-Methylbutyraldehyde, · 3-Methylbutyraldehyde, · 2-Methylbutyric Acid, · alpha-Methylcinnamaldehyde, · Methylcyclopentenolone, · 2-Methylheptanoic Acid, · 2-Methylhexanoic Acid, · 3-Methylpentanoic Acid, · 4-Methylpentanoic Acid, · 2-Methylpyrazine, · 5-Methylquinoxaline, · 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-One * (Methylthio)Methylpyrazine (Mixture Of Isomers), · 3-Methylthiopropionaldehyde, · Methyl 3-Methylthiopropionate, · 2-Methylvaleric Acid, · Mimosa Absolute and Extract, · Molasses Extract and Tincture, · Mountain Maple Solid Extract, · Mullein Flowers, · Myristaldehyde, · Myristic Acid, · Myrrh Oil, · beta-Napthyl Ethyl Ether, · Nerol, · Neroli Bigarde Oil, · Nerolidol, · Nona-2-trans,6-cis-Dienal, · 2,6-Nonadien-1-Ol, · gamma-Nonalactone, · Nonanal, · Nonanoic Acid, · Nonanone, · trans-2-Nonen-1-Ol, · 2-Nonenal, · Nonyl Acetate, · Nutmeg Powder and Oil, · Oak Chips Extract and Oil, · Oak Moss Absolute, · 9,12-Octadecadienoic Acid (48%) And 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic Acid (52%), · delta-Octalactone, · gamma-Octalactone, · Octanal, · Octanoic Acid, · 1-Octanol, · 2-Octanone, · 3-Octen-2-One, · 1-Octen-3-Ol, · 1-Octen-3-Yl Acetate, · 2-Octenal, · Octyl Isobutyrate, · Oleic Acid , · Olibanum Oil, · Opoponax Oil And Gum, · Orange Blossoms Water, Absolute, and Leaf Absolute, · Orange Oil and Extract, · Origanum Oil, · Orris Concrete Oil and Root Extract, · Palmarosa Oil, · Palmitic Acid, · Parsley Seed Oil, · Patchouli Oil, · omega-Pentadecalactone, · 2,3-Pentanedione, · 2-Pentanone, · 4-Pentenoic Acid, · 2-Pentylpyridine, · Pepper Oil, Black And White, · Peppermint Oil, · Peruvian (Bois De Rose) Oil, · Petitgrain Absolute, Mandarin Oil and Terpeneless Oil, · alpha-Phellandrene, · 2-Phenenthyl Acetate, · Phenenthyl Alcohol, · Phenethyl Butyrate, · Phenethyl Cinnamate, · Phenethyl Isobutyrate, · Phenethyl Isovalerate, · Phenethyl Phenylacetate, · Phenethyl Salicylate, · 1-Phenyl-1-Propanol, · 3-Phenyl-1-Propanol, · 2-Phenyl-2-Butenal, · 4-Phenyl-3-Buten-2-Ol, · 4-Phenyl-3-Buten-2-One, · Phenylacetaldehyde, · Phenylacetic Acid, · 1-Phenylalanine, · 3-Phenylpropionaldehyde, · 3-Phenylpropionic Acid, · 3-Phenylpropyl Acetate, · 3-Phenylpropyl Cinnamate, · 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)Tetrahydrofuran, · Phosphoric Acid, · Pimenta Leaf Oil, · Pine Needle Oil, Pine Oil, Scotch, · Pineapple Juice Concentrate, · alpha-Pinene, beta-Pinene, · D-Piperitone, · Piperonal, · Pipsissewa Leaf Extract, · Plum Juice, · Potassium Sorbate, · 1-Proline, · Propenylguaethol, · Propionic Acid, · Propyl Acetate, · Propyl para-Hydroxybenzoate, · Propylene Glycol, · 3-Propylidenephthalide, · Prune Juice and Concentrate, · Pyridine, · Pyroligneous Acid And Extract, * * Pyrrole, * Pyruvic Acid, * Raisin Juice Concentrate, * Rhodinol, * Rose Absolute and Oil, * Rosemary Oil, * Rum, * Rum Ether, * Rye Extract, * Sage, Sage Oil, and Sage Oleoresin, * Salicylaldehyde, * Sandalwood Oil, Yellow, * Sclareolide, * Skatole, * Smoke Flavor, * Snakeroot Oil, * Sodium Acetate, * Sodium Benzoate, * Sodium Bicarbonate, * Sodium Carbonate, * Sodium Chloride, * Sodium Citrate, * Sodium Hydroxide, * Solanone, * Spearmint Oil, * Styrax Extract, Gum and Oil, * Sucrose Octaacetate, * Sugar Alcohols, * Sugars, * Tagetes Oil, * Tannic Acid, * Tartaric Acid, * Tea Leaf and Absolute, * alpha-Terpineol, * Terpinolene, * Terpinyl Acetate, * 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinoxaline, * 1,5,5,9-Tetramethyl-13-Oxatricyclo(8.3.0.0(4,9))Tridecane, * 2,3,4,5, and 3,4,5,6-Tetramethylethyl-Cyclohexanone, * 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine, * Thiamine Hydrochloride, * Thiazole, * 1-Threonine, * Thyme Oil, White and Red, * Thymol, * Tobacco Extracts, * Tochopherols (mixed), * Tolu Balsam Gum and Extract, * Tolualdehydes, * para-Tolyl 3-Methylbutyrate, * para-Tolyl Acetaldehyde, * para-Tolyl Acetate, * para-Tolyl Isobutyrate, * para-Tolyl Phenylacetate, * Triacetin, * 2-Tridecanone, * 2-Tridecenal, * Triethyl Citrate, * 3,5,5-Trimethyl -1-Hexanol, * para,alpha,alpha-Trimethylbenzyl Alcohol, * 4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-1-Enyl)But-2-En-4-One, * 2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-2-Ene-1,4-Dione, * 2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-Dienyl Methan, * 4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-Dienyl)But-2-En-4-One, * 2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexanone, * 2,3,5-Trimethylpyrazine, * 1-Tyrosine, * delta-Undercalactone, * gamma-Undecalactone, * Undecanal, * 2-Undecanone, 1 * 0-Undecenal, * Urea, * Valencene, * Valeraldehyde, * Valerian Root Extract, Oil and Powder, * Valeric Acid, * gamma-Valerolactone, * Valine, * Vanilla Extract And Oleoresin, * Vanillin, * Veratraldehyde, * Vetiver Oil, * Vinegar, * Violet Leaf Absolute, * Walnut Hull Extract, * Water, * Wheat Extract And Flour, * Wild Cherry Bark Extract, * Wine and Wine Sherry, * Xanthan Gum, * 3,4-Xylenol, * Yeast Benzene 2-Napthylamine 4-Aminobiphenyl Nickel Polonium 210 (radioactive) Nitrogen oxides N-Nitrosodimethylamine N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine 1,3-Butadiene Analine Formaldehyde Hydrazine N-Nitrodiethanolamine Cadmium Benzo[a]pyrene Benz[a]anthracene Y-Butyrolactone Particulate matter N-Nitrosonornicotine NNK Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Carbonyl sulfide Toluene Acrolein Acetone Pyridine 3-Methylpyridine 3-Vinylpyridine Hydrogen cyanide Ammonia Methylamine Dimethylamine Nicotine Anatabine Phenol Catechol Hydorquinone Cholesterol Quinoline Harman Zinc Benzoic acid Lactic acid Glycolic acid Succinic acit PCDDs and PCDFs (Dioxins, Dibenzofurans) Formic acid Acetic acid Methyl chloride Dimethylnitrosamine Ethylmethylnitrosamine Nitrosopyrrolidine Hydrazine Vinyl Chloride Urethane Formaldehyde Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen Cyanide Acrolein Acetadehyde Nitrogen oxides Ammonia Pyridine Nitric acid Mathylamine Hydrogen cyanide Indole 3-hydroxypyridine 3-vinylpyridine Acetone Acetonitrile Acrolein 1,3-Butadiene, mg Nitrous acid isoquioline Isoamylamine 3-Cyanopyridine Carbonyls Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Acrolein, Propionaldehyde, Crotonaldehyde, Methyl-Ethyl-Ketone, Butyraldehyde Phenolics Hydroquinone, Resorcinol, Catechol, Phenol, Cresol (m+p and o) Benzo[a]pyrene BaP (HPLC) Aromatic Amines 3- and 4-aminobiphenyl, 1- and 2- aminonapthlene, o-toluidine, o-anisidine Oxides of Nitrogen NO, NOx Hydrogen Cyanide HCN (gas and particulate phases) Ammonia NH3 by ion chromatography Volatiles Benzene, Toluene, 1,3-butadiene, Isoprene, Acrylonitrile Semi-Volatiles Pyridine, Quinoline, Styrene Trace Metals Nickel (Ni) Cadmium (Cd) Lead (Pb) Chromium (Cr) Arsenic (As) Selenium (Se) Mercury Mercury (Hg) Smoke pH Integrated Puff Profile Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) N-Nitrosoanabasine (NAB) N-Nitrosoanatabine (NAT) 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) Volatile Nitrosamines N,N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) N,N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) N,N-Nitrosoethylmethylamine (NEMA) N,N-Nitrosodipropylamine (NDPA) N,N-Nitrosodibuthylamine (NDBA) N-Nitrosopiperidine (NPIP) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Naphthalene 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-methylnaphthalene Acenaphthylene Acenaphthene Fluorene Phenanthrene Anthracene Fluoranthene Pyrene Benzo(a)anthracene Chrysene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Benzo(j)fluoranthene Benzo(g,h,l)perylene Benzo(e)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene Perylene Indeno(1,2,3,-cd)pyrene Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Dibenz(a,j)acridine Dibenz(a,h)acridine Dibenz(a,e)pyrene Dibenz(a,h)pyrene Dibenz(a,i)pyrene Dibenz(a,l)pyrene 7H-Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines 2-Amino-3-methylimidaszo(4,5-f)quinoline (IQ) 2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline (MeIQ) 2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (MeAaC) 2-Amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (AaC) 1-Methyl-9H-pyridol(3,4-b)indole (Harman) 9H-Pyrido(3,4-b)indole (Norharman) Nitrogen 280-320 mg (56-64%b) Oxygen 50-70 mg (11-14%b) Carbon dioxide 45-65 mg (9-13%b) Carbon monoxide 14-23 mg (2.8-4.6%b) Water 7-12 mg (1.4-2.4%b) Argon 5mg (1.0%b) Hydrogen 0.5-1.0 mg Ammonia 10-130 μg Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 100-600 μg Hydrogen cyanide 400-500 μg Hydrogen sulfide 20-90 μg Methane 1.0-2.0 mg Other volatile alkanes (20) 1.0-.16 mgc Volatile alkenes (16) 0.4-0.5mg Isoprene 0.2-0.4mg Butadiene 25-40μg Acetylene 20-35μg Benzene 12-50μg Toluene 20-60μg Styrene 10μg Other volatile aromatic hydrocarbons (29) 15-30μg Acetic acid 300-1,700 μg Propionic acid 100-300 μg Methyl formate 20-30 μg Other volatile acids (6) 5-10 μgc Formaldehyde 20-100 μg Acetaldehyde 400-1,400 μg Acetone Other volatile ketones (3) Methanol Other volatile alcohols (7) Acetonitrile Other volatile nitriles (I0) Furan Other volatile furans (4) Pyridine Picolines (3) 3-Vinylpyridine Other volatile pyridines (25) Pyrrole Pyrrolidine N-Methylpyrrolidine Volatile pyrazines (18) Methylamine Other aliphatic amines (32) Nornicotine Anatabine Anabasine Other tobacco alkaloids (17) Bipyridyls (4) n-Hentriacontane (n-C31H64) Total nonvolatile hydrocarbons (45)b Naphthalene Other naphthalenes (23) Phenanthrenes (7) Palmitic acid 100-150 Stearic acid 50-75 Oleic acid 40-110 Linoleic acid 60-150 Linolenic acid 150-250 Lactic acid 60-80 Indole 10-15 Skatole 12-16 Other indoles (13) NA Quinolines (7) 2-4 Other N-heterocyclic hydrocarbons (55) NA Benzofurans (4) 200-300 Other O-heterocyclic hydrocarbons (42) NA Stigmasterol 40-70 Sitosterol 30-40 Campesterol 20-30 Cholesterol 10-20 Aniline 0.36 Toluidines 0.23 Other aromatic amines (12) 0.25 Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (4)c 0.34-2.7 Glycerol PAH Benz(a)anthracene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(j)fluoranthene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Benzo(a)pyrene Chrysene Dibenz(a,h)anthracene Dibenzo(a,1)pyrene Dibenzo(a,1)pyrene Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene 5-Methylchrysene Aza-arenes Quinoline Dibenz(a,h)acridine Dibenz(aj)acridine 7H-Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole N-Nitrosamines N-Nitrosodimethylamine N-Nitrosoethyl methylamine N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine N-Nitrosodiethanolamine N’-Nitrosonomicotine 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1- (3-pyridyl)-1-butanone N’-Nitrosoanabasine N-Nitrosomorpholine 2-Toluidine 2-Naphthylamine 4-Aminobiphenyl Aldehydes Formaldehydea Acetaldehydea Crotonaldehyde Miscellaneous organic compounds Benzene Acrylonitrile 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 2-Nitropropane Ethylcarbamate Vinylchloride Inorganic compounds Hydrazine Arsenic Nickel Chromium Cadmium Lead Polonium-210 Asbestos Plutonium
The Rest of the Story
This example shows how absurd the regulatory approach taken by the FDA legislation is. The reality is that the FDA is not going to know whether or not its proposed changes to cigarette components are going to make cigarettes safer or not. So the FDA is going to use smokers as guinea pigs to figure that out. Now that may be fine; however, in the mean time, people are going to be given the implied message that cigarettes are safer. In other words, the fraud that the tobacco companies were found guilty of committing against American consumers by implying a safer product without documentation will now be transferred over to the United States government.
I don't think we want any part of this regulatory scheme.
Thursday, October 04, 2007
Bush Vetoes Bill to Use Cigarette Tax Revenue to Fund Children's Health Insurance
President Bush yesterday vetoed a bill passed by Congress which would have expanded the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) by $35 billion, providing coverage to more children. The measure was funded by a 61 cent per pack increase in the federal cigarette excise tax. There appear to be enough votes in the Senate to override this veto; however, there are currently not enough votes in the House. It appears that negotiations will take place to try to secure at least an extension of the current program, if not a small expansion. But a large cigarette tax increase does not seem likely.
The Rest of the Story
As much as I might hate to say it, I agree with the president on this veto. It makes absolutely no sense to tie the financial stability of the children's health insurance program to continued cigarette consumption by smokers. That is no way to fund health insurance for children whose families cannot otherwise afford insurance.
As cigarette consumption falls, it will create a budget shortfall. That shortfall will need to be filled by finding new smokers. This creates a government incentive against any measures which will sharply reduce cigarette consumption. Thus, two public health goals -- providing health access and reducing smoking -- are placed directly against each other.
It baffles me why public health organizations, such as the American Public Health Association, are supporting this approach to funding something as essential as health insurance coverage for the nation's children.
At any rate, President Bush has made the 4th veto of his presidency a very sensible one.
The Rest of the Story
As much as I might hate to say it, I agree with the president on this veto. It makes absolutely no sense to tie the financial stability of the children's health insurance program to continued cigarette consumption by smokers. That is no way to fund health insurance for children whose families cannot otherwise afford insurance.
As cigarette consumption falls, it will create a budget shortfall. That shortfall will need to be filled by finding new smokers. This creates a government incentive against any measures which will sharply reduce cigarette consumption. Thus, two public health goals -- providing health access and reducing smoking -- are placed directly against each other.
It baffles me why public health organizations, such as the American Public Health Association, are supporting this approach to funding something as essential as health insurance coverage for the nation's children.
At any rate, President Bush has made the 4th veto of his presidency a very sensible one.
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