California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger this week signed into law a bill that bans smoking in cars with children present. The law provides for fines of up to $100 for anyone smoking in a car with a child under the age of 18. The legislation makes smoking in a car a secondary offense, meaning that the police cannot stop a motorist merely for violating this law. A motorist could only be charged if he or she were to be stopped for some other moving vehicle violation.
According to an article in the San Diego Union-Tribune: "The bill's author, state Sen. Jenny Oropeza, D-Long Beach, ... said the new law will protect children against secondhand smoke. A Harvard School of Public Health report issued last year said secondhand smoke in cars can be up to 10 times more of a health risk than secondhand smoke in a home. 'Protecting the health of our children is among government's highest responsibilities,' Oropeza said in a statement. 'It is clear that increasing public awareness about the dangers of secondhand smoke is the right thing to do.'”
The Rest of the Story
This is nothing other than a feel-good law which allows legislators to feel good about having done something that they can claim will protect children from secondhand smoke, but without having to muster the courage to actually do something that will make a difference.
To me, this is an example of policy makers at their worst. It is an example of pure political rhetoric without any substance, of cowing down to political correctness without any semblance of principle or courage.
Let me make it clear from the outset that I oppose bans on smoking in cars with children, whether they would reduce secondhand smoke exposure among children in cars or not. I believe that such policies represent an undue intrusion into parental privacy and autonomy. I do not believe that government should interfere with parental decisions regarding health risks to which they expose their children unless these risks cause immediate and direct harm or represent risks so severe that they could be life-threatening.
But even if I were to agree that banning smoking in cars were a sound idea, there is absolutely no point in passing a law that makes this violation merely a secondary offense. What this does is make the law completely unenforceable. It basically sends a message to smokers that they need not pay attention to the law.
What California policy makers are saying is: "Secondhand smoke is such a severe health hazard to children that we must interfere with parental autonomy in order to protect children from even brief exposure; however, it is not such a severe health hazard that we actually want to be able to enforce the law and actually protect children from this exposure."
To rephrase that, what California policy makers are saying is: "We want to appear to really care about kids, so we've passed this law that will allow us to say that we care. However, we don't have the courage to do something that will actually protect kids. Making this a primary offense might lead to some political vulnerability, and we're not willing to face that in order to protect the health of our state's children. But we do want to be able to feel good about ourselves and be to be able to pretend that we have done something to help our kids."
Friday, October 12, 2007
Thursday, October 11, 2007
APHA Calls Camel No. 9 Cigarettes a Threat to Health
According to an article in the October issue of The Nation's Health, the American Public Health Association (APHA) is calling on the removal of Camel No. 9 cigarettes from the market, calling them a threat to health.
The article, entitled "New cigarette a threat to health," states: "APHA is calling on the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company to remove its Camel No. 9 cigarettes from stores across the country, describing the company's marketing campaign as a threat to the health of teen girls and young women. In an August news release from the American Legacy Foundation, APHA and other anti-tobacco advocates took the company to task for its new Camel No. 9 ads, which feature black, bright pink and teal colors, a female-friendly design and a name similar to women's fashion icons, such as Chanel No. 5 perfume. ... APHA Executive Director Georges Benjamin, MD, FACP... stated 'There is nothing stylish or glamorous about these tragic premature deaths. With more than 80 percent of smokers starting smoking before their 18th birthdays, it is imperative that we speak out strongly against a new cigarette brand with such blatant appeal to teenage girls.'"
The Rest of the Story
I just don't get it.
This new cigarette is a threat to health, but all the existing cigarettes are not?
Camel advertising, which so far has been only mildly effective with teenage girls, is unacceptable, while Marlboro advertising, which has been effective in making Marlboro the brand of choice for teenage girls, is not?
Black, pink and teal colors are unacceptable in advertising but sleek black and green are OK?
Using a name similar to Chanel No. 5 is unacceptable, but calling your brand Virginia Slims is fine?
Camel ads which are stylish or glamorous are unacceptable, but ads for other cigarette brands which are stylish or glamorous are OK?
Camel No. 9 is a threat to the health of teen girls and young women, but Virginia Slims, Marlboro, Newport, Capri, Eve, Misty, and other varieties of Camel are not a health threat?
The APHA feels a need to speak out against a new brand with appeal to girls, but not against all the existing brands?
In my view, this whole campaign demanding that Camel No. 9 be removed from the market is making a farce out of tobacco control. Are we really so shallow that what bothers us is the color of the packaging of the cigarettes, rather than the fact that they are killing people? Are cigarettes acceptable if they target men, but not if they target women? And if the concern is youth smoking, then why are only Camel No. 9 cigarettes a problem, when the overwhelming majority of youths are smoking Marlboro, Newport, and regular old Camel cigarettes?
The headline "New cigarette a threat to health" implies that existing cigarettes are not a threat to health. Is this really the message that the nation's chief public health association wants to be sending?
I don't really understand what is happening in tobacco control these days, but it appears that we are operating based on knee-jerk reactions, rather than on sound principles, planning, and scientific and policy analysis.
The article, entitled "New cigarette a threat to health," states: "APHA is calling on the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company to remove its Camel No. 9 cigarettes from stores across the country, describing the company's marketing campaign as a threat to the health of teen girls and young women. In an August news release from the American Legacy Foundation, APHA and other anti-tobacco advocates took the company to task for its new Camel No. 9 ads, which feature black, bright pink and teal colors, a female-friendly design and a name similar to women's fashion icons, such as Chanel No. 5 perfume. ... APHA Executive Director Georges Benjamin, MD, FACP... stated 'There is nothing stylish or glamorous about these tragic premature deaths. With more than 80 percent of smokers starting smoking before their 18th birthdays, it is imperative that we speak out strongly against a new cigarette brand with such blatant appeal to teenage girls.'"
The Rest of the Story
I just don't get it.
This new cigarette is a threat to health, but all the existing cigarettes are not?
Camel advertising, which so far has been only mildly effective with teenage girls, is unacceptable, while Marlboro advertising, which has been effective in making Marlboro the brand of choice for teenage girls, is not?
Black, pink and teal colors are unacceptable in advertising but sleek black and green are OK?
Using a name similar to Chanel No. 5 is unacceptable, but calling your brand Virginia Slims is fine?
Camel ads which are stylish or glamorous are unacceptable, but ads for other cigarette brands which are stylish or glamorous are OK?
Camel No. 9 is a threat to the health of teen girls and young women, but Virginia Slims, Marlboro, Newport, Capri, Eve, Misty, and other varieties of Camel are not a health threat?
The APHA feels a need to speak out against a new brand with appeal to girls, but not against all the existing brands?
In my view, this whole campaign demanding that Camel No. 9 be removed from the market is making a farce out of tobacco control. Are we really so shallow that what bothers us is the color of the packaging of the cigarettes, rather than the fact that they are killing people? Are cigarettes acceptable if they target men, but not if they target women? And if the concern is youth smoking, then why are only Camel No. 9 cigarettes a problem, when the overwhelming majority of youths are smoking Marlboro, Newport, and regular old Camel cigarettes?
The headline "New cigarette a threat to health" implies that existing cigarettes are not a threat to health. Is this really the message that the nation's chief public health association wants to be sending?
I don't really understand what is happening in tobacco control these days, but it appears that we are operating based on knee-jerk reactions, rather than on sound principles, planning, and scientific and policy analysis.
Wednesday, October 10, 2007
Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids Deceives Congress About Nature of Public Support for FDA Tobacco Legislation; Testimony Presents Junk Science
In testimony Wednesday before the Health Subcommittee of the U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce, the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids told Congress that there is "particularly strong" public support for the "specific provisions" of the proposed FDA legislation.
The legislation, which would grant very limited authority to the FDA to regulate tobacco products, has already been approved by a Senate Committee.
According to its testimony: "The Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids has measured voter support for FDA regulation of tobacco products and, not surprisingly, it has broad support across the country from 70 percent of voters in a national poll. State surveys from around the country have consistently found similar high levels of support, crossing party and ideological lines. It even has majority support among smokers. Voter support is particularly strong for the specific provisions of FDA regulation. When asked whether tobacco companies should be required to take measures to make cigarettes less harmful; whether tobacco companies should be prevented from making claims that some products are less harmful than others unless FDA determines those claims are true; or whether FDA should restrict tobacco marketing aimed at children, voter support for each of these elements exceeds 75 percent. It is truly time for Congress to act."
The Rest of the Story
The Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids' testimony is terribly misleading. It implies that voter support for the key specific provisions of the FDA legislation has been measured and that voters overwhelmingly support these provisions. Nothing could be further from the truth.
While the Campaign mentions support for three of the specific provisions -- requiring tobacco companies to remove or eliminate certain tobacco smoke constituents, preventing companies from making deceptive health claims, and restricting tobacco marketing aimed at kids -- the Campaign fails to mention whether or not the public supports the more important and certainly more controversial provisions of the legislation: those provisions which were inserted to protect the financial interests of Philip Morris.
So, for example, the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids' polls did not assess the degree of public support for the provision in the legislation which precludes the FDA from raising the age of purchase of cigarettes in order to deter youth smoking.
The Campaign also failed to assess the degree of public support for the provision which precludes the FDA from eliminating nicotine entirely from cigarettes.
The Campaign similarly failed to assess the degree of public support for the Congressional veto provision of the legislation, which allows Congress to overturn any regulation the tobacco industry doesn't like with a simple majority vote.
Furthermore, the Campaign failed to assess the degree of public support for the provision which prohibits the FDA from regulating the sale of tobacco products at particular types of retail outlets. How many people out there actually would support limiting the ability of the FDA to eliminate the sale of cigarettes at youth or community centers? How many people feel that the FDA should not be able to keep cigarettes out of the hands of kids by restricting the types of outlets where cigarettes can be sold?
Moreover, the Campaign failed to assess the degree of public support for the provision which precludes the FDA from making cigarettes available on a prescription-only basis.
In addition, the Campaign failed to assess the degree of public support for the provision which exempts menthol from the list of flavorings that can be added to cigarettes to try to entice potential customers. What exactly does the public think about banning strawberry and chocolate -- which are not even used -- but allowing the continued use of menthol, which contributes to the addiction of millions of users?
In light of these blatant omissions from their public opinion polls, just how accurate is it for the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids to testify that "Voter support is particularly strong for the specific provisions of FDA regulation"?
I'll tell you - it's not very accurate at all. In fact, it is inappropriately deceptive. It is manipulative. It is dishonest.
How ironic that what the Campaign is testifying in favor of is a bill intended to prevent the tobacco companies from making misleading public statements.
The public opinion polls conducted by the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids are junk science at its worst. These polls are not intended to actually measure public support for the specific legislation at hand. Instead, they are simply part of a lobbying campaign to generate support for the legislation by falsely showing that public support for the specific legislation is high. In fact, all the polls demonstrate is that support for the general idea of FDA regulation of tobacco products is high. But they do not demonstrate that the public actually agrees with the specific provisions of this bill, especially the myriad provisions which were inserted specifically by Philip Morris (or at least to appease Philip Morris), which was the key negotiator at the table where the deal was struck that led to this legislation.
The Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids has taken not one, but two pages out of the tobacco industry playbook. First, deceiving the public by hiding a large part of the truth. Second, relying upon junk science - using supposedly scientific methods to have the appearance of supporting a proposition that is actually not supported.
To be honest, I've seen a lot more deception out of the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids these days than I have from the tobacco companies. Perhaps we should be considering legislation to require pre-approval of claims made by the Campaign so that it can be determined that these claims are accurate and not misleading.
The legislation, which would grant very limited authority to the FDA to regulate tobacco products, has already been approved by a Senate Committee.
According to its testimony: "The Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids has measured voter support for FDA regulation of tobacco products and, not surprisingly, it has broad support across the country from 70 percent of voters in a national poll. State surveys from around the country have consistently found similar high levels of support, crossing party and ideological lines. It even has majority support among smokers. Voter support is particularly strong for the specific provisions of FDA regulation. When asked whether tobacco companies should be required to take measures to make cigarettes less harmful; whether tobacco companies should be prevented from making claims that some products are less harmful than others unless FDA determines those claims are true; or whether FDA should restrict tobacco marketing aimed at children, voter support for each of these elements exceeds 75 percent. It is truly time for Congress to act."
The Rest of the Story
The Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids' testimony is terribly misleading. It implies that voter support for the key specific provisions of the FDA legislation has been measured and that voters overwhelmingly support these provisions. Nothing could be further from the truth.
While the Campaign mentions support for three of the specific provisions -- requiring tobacco companies to remove or eliminate certain tobacco smoke constituents, preventing companies from making deceptive health claims, and restricting tobacco marketing aimed at kids -- the Campaign fails to mention whether or not the public supports the more important and certainly more controversial provisions of the legislation: those provisions which were inserted to protect the financial interests of Philip Morris.
So, for example, the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids' polls did not assess the degree of public support for the provision in the legislation which precludes the FDA from raising the age of purchase of cigarettes in order to deter youth smoking.
The Campaign also failed to assess the degree of public support for the provision which precludes the FDA from eliminating nicotine entirely from cigarettes.
The Campaign similarly failed to assess the degree of public support for the Congressional veto provision of the legislation, which allows Congress to overturn any regulation the tobacco industry doesn't like with a simple majority vote.
Furthermore, the Campaign failed to assess the degree of public support for the provision which prohibits the FDA from regulating the sale of tobacco products at particular types of retail outlets. How many people out there actually would support limiting the ability of the FDA to eliminate the sale of cigarettes at youth or community centers? How many people feel that the FDA should not be able to keep cigarettes out of the hands of kids by restricting the types of outlets where cigarettes can be sold?
Moreover, the Campaign failed to assess the degree of public support for the provision which precludes the FDA from making cigarettes available on a prescription-only basis.
In addition, the Campaign failed to assess the degree of public support for the provision which exempts menthol from the list of flavorings that can be added to cigarettes to try to entice potential customers. What exactly does the public think about banning strawberry and chocolate -- which are not even used -- but allowing the continued use of menthol, which contributes to the addiction of millions of users?
In light of these blatant omissions from their public opinion polls, just how accurate is it for the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids to testify that "Voter support is particularly strong for the specific provisions of FDA regulation"?
I'll tell you - it's not very accurate at all. In fact, it is inappropriately deceptive. It is manipulative. It is dishonest.
How ironic that what the Campaign is testifying in favor of is a bill intended to prevent the tobacco companies from making misleading public statements.
The public opinion polls conducted by the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids are junk science at its worst. These polls are not intended to actually measure public support for the specific legislation at hand. Instead, they are simply part of a lobbying campaign to generate support for the legislation by falsely showing that public support for the specific legislation is high. In fact, all the polls demonstrate is that support for the general idea of FDA regulation of tobacco products is high. But they do not demonstrate that the public actually agrees with the specific provisions of this bill, especially the myriad provisions which were inserted specifically by Philip Morris (or at least to appease Philip Morris), which was the key negotiator at the table where the deal was struck that led to this legislation.
The Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids has taken not one, but two pages out of the tobacco industry playbook. First, deceiving the public by hiding a large part of the truth. Second, relying upon junk science - using supposedly scientific methods to have the appearance of supporting a proposition that is actually not supported.
To be honest, I've seen a lot more deception out of the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids these days than I have from the tobacco companies. Perhaps we should be considering legislation to require pre-approval of claims made by the Campaign so that it can be determined that these claims are accurate and not misleading.
FDA Chief Rejects Proposal to Regulate Tobacco Products; Argues it Would Undermine the Public Health Role of the Agency
In an embarrassing blow to supporters of a proposal by which the FDA would assume jurisdiction over the safety of deadly tobacco products, the head of the FDA -- Dr. Andrew von Eschenbach -- testified Wednesday that he wants no part in the idea and feels that it would undermine the underlying mission of the FDA.
Dr. Von Eschenbach did not attend the hearing in person because he was not afforded the usual courtesy -- almost always provided to Administration officials -- of being asked to provide individual testimony (rather than being part of a panel).
In balking at the proposal, which is widely supported by anti-smoking groups, the current FDA Commissioner argued that asking the Agency to approve a product which is inherently dangerous runs counter to the basic mission of the FDA: to ensure the safety of the nation's food and drug supply. In addition, he stated that such a task would be a huge diversion that would make it more difficult for the Agency to carry out its mission.
The Rest of the Story
It is certainly not a good sign when the head of the agency that you wish to imbue with regulatory responsibility not only rejects that notion, but argues that doing so would undermine the basic public health mission of the agency.
Dr. von Eschenbach is right. What sense does it make to ask the FDA to approve a product that is inherently hazardous? How can the FDA approve such a product for sale in the United States? Why would we want the government to become in part responsible for the deaths of thousands of American consumers by virtue of having approved a product that caused those deaths?
The FDA Commissioner's message is loud and clear. It is time for the anti-smoking groups to go back to the drawing board and develop a more sensible national strategy for the prevention and control of tobacco use.
The debate over FDA legislation has become a huge diversion that is distracting attention away from what otherwise could have been a wonderful opportunity to enact a meaningful policy to reduce tobacco use and save countless lives.
Dr. Von Eschenbach did not attend the hearing in person because he was not afforded the usual courtesy -- almost always provided to Administration officials -- of being asked to provide individual testimony (rather than being part of a panel).
In balking at the proposal, which is widely supported by anti-smoking groups, the current FDA Commissioner argued that asking the Agency to approve a product which is inherently dangerous runs counter to the basic mission of the FDA: to ensure the safety of the nation's food and drug supply. In addition, he stated that such a task would be a huge diversion that would make it more difficult for the Agency to carry out its mission.
The Rest of the Story
It is certainly not a good sign when the head of the agency that you wish to imbue with regulatory responsibility not only rejects that notion, but argues that doing so would undermine the basic public health mission of the agency.
Dr. von Eschenbach is right. What sense does it make to ask the FDA to approve a product that is inherently hazardous? How can the FDA approve such a product for sale in the United States? Why would we want the government to become in part responsible for the deaths of thousands of American consumers by virtue of having approved a product that caused those deaths?
The FDA Commissioner's message is loud and clear. It is time for the anti-smoking groups to go back to the drawing board and develop a more sensible national strategy for the prevention and control of tobacco use.
The debate over FDA legislation has become a huge diversion that is distracting attention away from what otherwise could have been a wonderful opportunity to enact a meaningful policy to reduce tobacco use and save countless lives.
IN MY VIEW: Proposed FDA Tobacco Product Safety Standards Make No Sense, and Have No Confirmed Connection with Safety
Here is a challenge question for everyone out there.
Below are two lists of chemical ingredients in cigarettes and tobacco smoke. The first list is a partial, current list of ingredients and constituents. The second list is the same, but has 20 hazardous chemicals removed.
In a sense, this is a simulation of what the proposed strategy that is being promoted to make cigarettes safer through the FDA legislation would look like. The FDA would be given the authority to choose specific ingredients and require their reduction or elimination.
Let us assume, under a best case scenario, that the FDA is able to get through regulations that would eliminate 20 of the hazardous chemicals in cigarettes.
Here is the question:
How much safer is the second group of chemicals than the first group? What would the relative risk for lung cancer be if cigarettes contained the second list of chemicals, rather than the first list? How about the relative risk for emphysema? The relative risk for heart disease?
Since the anti-smoking groups supporting the FDA legislation claim that the bill would require cigarette companies to make their products safer, I assume that they will be able to answer this question.
I'll give these groups until Friday to respond. I'll report back on Friday with the responses that I receive.
How much safer will cigarettes be if we can knock out a whopping 20 of the hazardous ingredients?
List #1
Acetanisole, · Acetic Acid, · Acetoin, · Acetophenone, · 6-Acetoxydihydrotheaspirane, · 2-Acetyl-3- Ethylpyrazine, · 2-Acetyl-5-Methylfuran, · Acetylpyrazine, · 2-Acetylpyridine, · 3-Acetylpyridine, · 2-Acetylthiazole, · Aconitic Acid, · dl-Alanine, · Alfalfa Extract, · Allspice Extract, · Oleoresin, · And Oil, · Allyl Hexanoate, · Allyl Ionone, · Almond Bitter Oil, · Ambergris Tincture, · Ammonia, · Ammonium Bicarbonate, · Ammonium Hydroxide, · Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic, · Ammonium Sulfide, · Amyl Alcohol, · Amyl Butyrate, · Amyl Formate, · Amyl Octanoate, · alpha-Amylcinnamaldehyde, · Amyris Oil, · trans-Anethole, · Angelica Root Extract, Oil and Seed Oil, · Anise, · Anise Star, Extract and Oils, · Anisyl Acetate, · Anisyl Alcohol, · Anisyl Formate, · Anisyl Phenylacetate, · Apple Juice Concentrate, Extract, and Skins, · Apricot Extract and Juice Concentrate, · 1-Arginine, · Asafetida Fluid Extract And Oil, · Ascorbic Acid, · 1-Asparagine Monohydrate, · 1-Aspartic Acid, · Balsam Peru and Oil, · Basil Oil, · Bay Leaf, Oil and Sweet Oil, · Beeswax White, · Beet Juice Concentrate, · Benzaldehyde, · Benzaldehyde Glyceryl Acetal, · Benzoic Acid, Benzoin, · Benzoin Resin, · Benzophenone, · Benzyl Alcohol, · Benzyl Benzoate, · Benzyl Butyrate, · Benzyl Cinnamate, · Benzyl Propionate, · Benzyl Salicylate, · Bergamot Oil, · Bisabolene, · Black Currant Buds Absolute, · Borneol, · Bornyl Acetate, · Buchu Leaf Oil, · 1,3-Butanediol, · 2,3-Butanedione, · 1-Butanol, · 2-Butanone, · 4(2-Butenylidene)-3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-One, · Butter, Butter Esters, and Butter Oil, · Butyl Acetate, · Butyl Butyrate, · Butyl Butyryl Lactate, · Butyl Isovalerate, · Butyl Phenylacetate, · Butyl Undecylenate, · 3-Butylidenephthalide, · Butyric Acid, · Cadinene, · Caffeine, · Calcium Carbonate, · Camphene, · Cananga Oil, · Capsicum Oleoresin, · Caramel Color, · Caraway Oil, · Carbon Dioxide, · Cardamom Oleoresin, Extract, Seed Oil, and Powder, · Carob Bean and Extract, · beta-Carotene, · Carrot Oil, · Carvacrol, · 4-Carvomenthenol, · 1-Carvone, · beta-Caryophyllene, · beta-Caryophyllene Oxide, · Cascarilla Oil and Bark Extract, · Cassia Bark Oil, · Cassie Absolute and Oil, · Castoreum Extract, Tincture and Absolute, · Cedar Leaf Oil, · Cedarwood Oil Terpenes and Virginiana, · Cedrol, · Celery Seed Extract, Solid, Oil, And Oleoresin, · Cellulose Fiber, · Chamomile Flower Oil And Extract, · Chicory Extract, · Chocolate, · Cinnamaldehyde, · Cinnamic Acid, · Cinnamon Leaf Oil, Bark Oil, and Extract, · Cinnamyl Acetate, · Cinnamyl Alcohol, · Cinnamyl Cinnamate, · Cinnamyl Isovalerate, · Cinnamyl Propionate, · Citral, · Citric Acid, · Citronella Oil, · dl-Citronellol, · Citronellyl Butyrate, · Citronellyl Isobutyrate, · Civet Absolute, · Clary Oil, · Clover Tops, Red Solid Extract, · Cocoa, · Cocoa Shells, Extract, Distillate And Powder, · Coconut Oil, · Coffee, · Cognac White and Green Oil, · Copaiba Oil, · Coriander Extract and Oil, · Corn Oil, · Corn Silk, · Costus Root Oil, · Cubeb Oil, · Cuminaldehyde, · para-Cymene, · 1-Cysteine, · Dandelion Root Solid Extract, · Davana Oil, · 2-trans, 4-trans-Decadienal, · delta-Decalactone, · gamma-Decalactone, · Decanal, · Decanoic Acid, · 1-Decanol, · 2-Decenal, · Dehydromenthofurolactone, · Diethyl Malonate, · Diethyl Sebacate, · 2,3-Diethylpyrazine, · Dihydro Anethole, · 5,7-Dihydro-2-Methylthieno(3,4-D) Pyrimidine, · Dill Seed Oil and Extract, · meta-Dimethoxybenzene, · para-Dimethoxybenzene, · 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol, · Dimethyl Succinate, · 3,4-Dimethyl-1,2-Cyclopentanedione, · 3,5- Dimethyl-1,2-Cyclopentanedione, · 3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-Octatriene, · 4,5-Dimethyl-3-Hydroxy-2,5-Dihydrofuran-2-One, · 6,10-Dimethyl-5,9-Undecadien-2-One, · 3,7-Dimethyl-6-Octenoic Acid, · 2,4-Dimethylacetophenone, · alpha,para-Dimethylbenzyl Alcohol, · alpha,alpha-Dimethylphenethyl Acetate, · alpha,alpha Dimethylphenethyl Butyrate, · 2,3-Dimethylpyrazine, · 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine, · 2,6-Dimethylpyrazine, · Dimethyltetrahydrobenzofuranone, · delta-Dodecalactone, · gamma-Dodecalactone, · para-Ethoxybenzaldehyde, · Ethyl 10-Undecenoate, · Ethyl 2-Methylbutyrate, · Ethyl Acetate, · Ethyl Acetoacetate, · Ethyl Alcohol, · Ethyl Benzoate, · Ethyl Butyrate, · Ethyl Cinnamate, · Ethyl Decanoate, · Ethyl Fenchol, · Ethyl Furoate, · Ethyl Heptanoate, · Ethyl Hexanoate, · Ethyl Isovalerate, · Ethyl Lactate, · Ethyl Laurate, · Ethyl Levulinate, · Ethyl Maltol, · Ethyl Methyl Phenylglycidate, · Ethyl Myristate, · Ethyl Nonanoate, · Ethyl Octadecanoate, · Ethyl Octanoate, · Ethyl Oleate, · Ethyl Palmitate, · Ethyl Phenylacetate, · Ethyl Propionate, · Ethyl Salicylate, · Ethyl trans-2-Butenoate, · Ethyl Valerate, · Ethyl Vanillin, · 2-Ethyl (or Methyl)-(3,5 and 6)-Methoxypyrazine, · 2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol, 3-Ethyl -2 -Hydroxy-2-Cyclopenten-1-One, · 2-Ethyl-3, (5 or 6)-Dimethylpyrazine, · 5-Ethyl-3-Hydroxy-4-Methyl-2(5H)-Furanone, · 2-Ethyl-3-Methylpyrazine, · 4-Ethylbenzaldehyde, · 4-Ethylguaiacol, · para-Ethylphenol, · 3-Ethylpyridine, · Eucalyptol, · Farnesol, · D-Fenchone, · Fennel Sweet Oil, · Fenugreek, Extract, Resin, and Absolute, · Fig Juice Concentrate, · Food Starch Modified, · Furfuryl Mercaptan, · 4-(2-Furyl)-3-Buten-2-One, · Galbanum Oil, · Genet Absolute, · Gentian Root Extract, · Geraniol, · Geranium Rose Oil, · Geranyl Acetate, · Geranyl Butyrate, · Geranyl Formate, · Geranyl Isovalerate, · Geranyl Phenylacetate, · Ginger Oil and Oleoresin, · 1-Glutamic Acid, · 1-Glutamine, · Glycerol, · Glycyrrhizin Ammoniated, · Grape Juice Concentrate, · Guaiac Wood Oil, · Guaiacol, · Guar Gum, · 2,4-Heptadienal, · gamma-Heptalactone, · Heptanoic Acid, · 2-Heptanone, · 3-Hepten-2-One, · 2-Hepten-4-One, · 4-Heptenal, · trans -2-Heptenal, · Heptyl Acetate, · omega-6-Hexadecenlactone, · gamma-Hexalactone, · Hexanal, · Hexanoic Acid, · 2-Hexen-1-Ol, · 3-Hexen-1-Ol, · cis-3-Hexen-1-Yl Acetate, · 2-Hexenal, · 3-Hexenoic Acid, · trans-2-Hexenoic Acid, · cis-3-Hexenyl Formate, · Hexyl 2-Methylbutyrate, · Hexyl Acetate, · Hexyl Alcohol, · Hexyl Phenylacetate, · 1-Histidine, · Honey, · Hops Oil, · Hydrolyzed Milk Solids, · Hydrolyzed Plant Proteins, · 5-Hydroxy-2,4-Decadienoic Acid delta- Lactone, · 4-Hydroxy-2,5-Dimethyl-3(2H)-Furanone, · 2-Hydroxy-3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-One, · 4-Hydroxy -3-Pentenoic Acid Lactone, · 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylbenzaldehyde, · 4-Hydroxybutanoic Acid Lactone, · Hydroxycitronellal, · 6-Hydroxydihydrotheaspirane, · 4-(para-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-Butanone, · Hyssop Oil, · Immortelle Absolute and Extract, · alpha-Ionone, · beta-Ionone, · alpha-Irone, · Isoamyl Acetate, · Isoamyl Benzoate, · Isoamyl Butyrate, · Isoamyl Cinnamate, · Isoamyl Formate, Isoamyl Hexanoate, · Isoamyl Isovalerate, · Isoamyl Octanoate, · Isoamyl Phenylacetate, · Isobornyl Acetate, · Isobutyl Acetate, · Isobutyl Alcohol, · Isobutyl Cinnamate, · Isobutyl Phenylacetate, · Isobutyl Salicylate, · 2-Isobutyl-3-Methoxypyrazine, · alpha-Isobutylphenethyl Alcohol, · Isobutyraldehyde, · Isobutyric Acid, · d,l-Isoleucine, · alpha-Isomethylionone, · 2-Isopropylphenol, · Isovaleric Acid, · Jasmine Absolute, Concrete and Oil, · Kola Nut Extract, · Labdanum Absolute and Oleoresin, · Lactic Acid, · Lauric Acid, · Lauric Aldehyde, · Lavandin Oil, · Lavender Oil, · Lemon Oil and Extract, · Lemongrass Oil, · 1-Leucine, · Levulinic Acid, · Licorice Root, Fluid, Extract and Powder, · Lime Oil , · Linalool, · Linalool Oxide, · Linalyl Acetate, · Linden Flowers, · Lovage Oil And Extract, · 1-Lysine, · Mace Powder, Extract and Oil , · Magnesium Carbonate, · Malic Acid, · Malt and Malt Extract, · Maltodextrin, · Maltol, · Maltyl Isobutyrate, · Mandarin Oil, · Maple Syrup and Concentrate, · Mate Leaf, Absolute and Oil, · para-Mentha-8-Thiol-3-One, · Menthol, · Menthone, · Menthyl Acetate, · dl-Methionine, · Methoprene, · 2-Methoxy-4-Methylphenol, · 2-Methoxy-4-Vinylphenol, · para-Methoxybenzaldehyde, · 1-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-1-Penten-3-One, · 4-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Butanone, · 1-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Propanone, · Methoxypyrazine, · Methyl 2-Furoate, · Methyl 2-Octynoate, · Methyl 2-Pyrrolyl Ketone, · Methyl Anisate, · Methyl Anthranilate, · Methyl Benzoate, · Methyl Cinnamate, · Methyl Dihydrojasmonate, · Methyl Ester of Rosin, Partially Hydrogenated, · Methyl Isovalerate, · Methyl Linoleate (48%), · Methyl Linolenate (52%) Mixture, · Methyl Naphthyl Ketone, · Methyl Nicotinate, · Methyl Phenylacetate, · Methyl Salicylate, · Methyl Sulfide, · 3-Methyl-1-Cyclopentadecanone, · 4-Methyl-1-Phenyl-2-Pentanone, · 5-Methyl-2-Phenyl-2-Hexenal, · 5-Methyl-2-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde, · 6-Methyl-3,-5-Heptadien-2-One, · 2-Methyl-3-(para-Isopropylphenyl) Propionaldehyde, · 5-Methyl-3-Hexen-2-One, · 1-Methyl-3Methoxy-4-Isopropylbenzene, · 4-Methyl-3-Pentene-2-One, · 2-Methyl-4-Phenylbutyraldehyde, · 6-Methyl-5-Hepten-2-One, · 4-Methyl-5-Thiazoleethanol, · 4-Methyl-5-Vinylthiazole, · Methyl-alpha-Ionone, · Methyl-trans-2-Butenoic Acid, · 4-Methylacetophenone, · para-Methylanisole, · alpha-Methylbenzyl Acetate, · alpha-Methylbenzyl Alcohol, · 2-Methylbutyraldehyde, · 3-Methylbutyraldehyde, · 2-Methylbutyric Acid, · alpha-Methylcinnamaldehyde, · Methylcyclopentenolone, · 2-Methylheptanoic Acid, · 2-Methylhexanoic Acid, · 3-Methylpentanoic Acid, · 4-Methylpentanoic Acid, · 2-Methylpyrazine, · 5-Methylquinoxaline, · 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-One * (Methylthio)Methylpyrazine (Mixture Of Isomers), · 3-Methylthiopropionaldehyde, · Methyl 3-Methylthiopropionate, · 2-Methylvaleric Acid, · Mimosa Absolute and Extract, · Molasses Extract and Tincture, · Mountain Maple Solid Extract, · Mullein Flowers, · Myristaldehyde, · Myristic Acid, · Myrrh Oil, · beta-Napthyl Ethyl Ether, · Nerol, · Neroli Bigarde Oil, · Nerolidol, · Nona-2-trans,6-cis-Dienal, · 2,6-Nonadien-1-Ol, · gamma-Nonalactone, · Nonanal, · Nonanoic Acid, · Nonanone, · trans-2-Nonen-1-Ol, · 2-Nonenal, · Nonyl Acetate, · Nutmeg Powder and Oil, · Oak Chips Extract and Oil, · Oak Moss Absolute, · 9,12-Octadecadienoic Acid (48%) And 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic Acid (52%), · delta-Octalactone, · gamma-Octalactone, · Octanal, · Octanoic Acid, · 1-Octanol, · 2-Octanone, · 3-Octen-2-One, · 1-Octen-3-Ol, · 1-Octen-3-Yl Acetate, · 2-Octenal, · Octyl Isobutyrate, · Oleic Acid , · Olibanum Oil, · Opoponax Oil And Gum, · Orange Blossoms Water, Absolute, and Leaf Absolute, · Orange Oil and Extract, · Origanum Oil, · Orris Concrete Oil and Root Extract, · Palmarosa Oil, · Palmitic Acid, · Parsley Seed Oil, · Patchouli Oil, · omega-Pentadecalactone, · 2,3-Pentanedione, · 2-Pentanone, · 4-Pentenoic Acid, · 2-Pentylpyridine, · Pepper Oil, Black And White, · Peppermint Oil, · Peruvian (Bois De Rose) Oil, · Petitgrain Absolute, Mandarin Oil and Terpeneless Oil, · alpha-Phellandrene, · 2-Phenenthyl Acetate, · Phenenthyl Alcohol, · Phenethyl Butyrate, · Phenethyl Cinnamate, · Phenethyl Isobutyrate, · Phenethyl Isovalerate, · Phenethyl Phenylacetate, · Phenethyl Salicylate, · 1-Phenyl-1-Propanol, · 3-Phenyl-1-Propanol, · 2-Phenyl-2-Butenal, · 4-Phenyl-3-Buten-2-Ol, · 4-Phenyl-3-Buten-2-One, · Phenylacetaldehyde, · Phenylacetic Acid, · 1-Phenylalanine, · 3-Phenylpropionaldehyde, · 3-Phenylpropionic Acid, · 3-Phenylpropyl Acetate, · 3-Phenylpropyl Cinnamate, · 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)Tetrahydrofuran, · Phosphoric Acid, · Pimenta Leaf Oil, · Pine Needle Oil, Pine Oil, Scotch, · Pineapple Juice Concentrate, · alpha-Pinene, beta-Pinene, · D-Piperitone, · Piperonal, · Pipsissewa Leaf Extract, · Plum Juice, · Potassium Sorbate, · 1-Proline, · Propenylguaethol, · Propionic Acid, · Propyl Acetate, · Propyl para-Hydroxybenzoate, · Propylene Glycol, · 3-Propylidenephthalide, · Prune Juice and Concentrate, · Pyridine, · Pyroligneous Acid And Extract, * * Pyrrole, * Pyruvic Acid, * Raisin Juice Concentrate, * Rhodinol, * Rose Absolute and Oil, * Rosemary Oil, * Rum, * Rum Ether, * Rye Extract, * Sage, Sage Oil, and Sage Oleoresin, * Salicylaldehyde, * Sandalwood Oil, Yellow, * Sclareolide, * Skatole, * Smoke Flavor, * Snakeroot Oil, * Sodium Acetate, * Sodium Benzoate, * Sodium Bicarbonate, * Sodium Carbonate, * Sodium Chloride, * Sodium Citrate, * Sodium Hydroxide, * Solanone, * Spearmint Oil, * Styrax Extract, Gum and Oil, * Sucrose Octaacetate, * Sugar Alcohols, * Sugars, * Tagetes Oil, * Tannic Acid, * Tartaric Acid, * Tea Leaf and Absolute, * alpha-Terpineol, * Terpinolene, * Terpinyl Acetate, * 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinoxaline, * 1,5,5,9-Tetramethyl-13-Oxatricyclo(8.3.0.0(4,9))Tridecane, * 2,3,4,5, and 3,4,5,6-Tetramethylethyl-Cyclohexanone, * 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine, * Thiamine Hydrochloride, * Thiazole, * 1-Threonine, * Thyme Oil, White and Red, * Thymol, * Tobacco Extracts, * Tochopherols (mixed), * Tolu Balsam Gum and Extract, * Tolualdehydes, * para-Tolyl 3-Methylbutyrate, * para-Tolyl Acetaldehyde, * para-Tolyl Acetate, * para-Tolyl Isobutyrate, * para-Tolyl Phenylacetate, * Triacetin, * 2-Tridecanone, * 2-Tridecenal, * Triethyl Citrate, * 3,5,5-Trimethyl -1-Hexanol, * para,alpha,alpha-Trimethylbenzyl Alcohol, * 4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-1-Enyl)But-2-En-4-One, * 2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-2-Ene-1,4-Dione, * 2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-Dienyl Methan, * 4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-Dienyl)But-2-En-4-One, * 2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexanone, * 2,3,5-Trimethylpyrazine, * 1-Tyrosine, * delta-Undercalactone, * gamma-Undecalactone, * Undecanal, * 2-Undecanone, 1 * 0-Undecenal, * Urea, * Valencene, * Valeraldehyde, * Valerian Root Extract, Oil and Powder, * Valeric Acid, * gamma-Valerolactone, * Valine, * Vanilla Extract And Oleoresin, * Vanillin, * Veratraldehyde, * Vetiver Oil, * Vinegar, * Violet Leaf Absolute, * Walnut Hull Extract, * Water, * Wheat Extract And Flour, * Wild Cherry Bark Extract, * Wine and Wine Sherry, * Xanthan Gum, * 3,4-Xylenol, * Yeast Benzene 2-Napthylamine 4-Aminobiphenyl Nickel Polonium 210 (radioactive) Nitrogen oxides N-Nitrosodimethylamine N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine 1,3-Butadiene Analine Formaldehyde Hydrazine N-Nitrodiethanolamine Cadmium Benzo[a]pyrene Benz[a]anthracene Y-Butyrolactone Particulate matter N-Nitrosonornicotine NNK Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Carbonyl sulfide Toluene Acrolein Acetone Pyridine 3-Methylpyridine 3-Vinylpyridine Hydrogen cyanide Ammonia Methylamine Dimethylamine Nicotine Anatabine Phenol Catechol Hydorquinone Cholesterol Quinoline Harman Zinc Benzoic acid Lactic acid Glycolic acid Succinic acit PCDDs and PCDFs (Dioxins, Dibenzofurans) Formic acid Acetic acid Methyl chloride Dimethylnitrosamine Ethylmethylnitrosamine Nitrosopyrrolidine Hydrazine Vinyl Chloride Urethane Formaldehyde Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen Cyanide Acrolein Acetadehyde Nitrogen oxides Ammonia Pyridine Nitric acid Mathylamine Hydrogen cyanide Indole 3-hydroxypyridine 3-vinylpyridine Acetone Acetonitrile Acrolein 1,3-Butadiene, mg Nitrous acid isoquioline Isoamylamine 3-Cyanopyridine Carbonyls Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Acrolein, Propionaldehyde, Crotonaldehyde, Methyl-Ethyl-Ketone, Butyraldehyde Phenolics Hydroquinone, Resorcinol, Catechol, Phenol, Cresol (m+p and o) Benzo[a]pyrene BaP (HPLC) Aromatic Amines 3- and 4-aminobiphenyl, 1- and 2- aminonapthlene, o-toluidine, o-anisidine Oxides of Nitrogen NO, NOx Hydrogen Cyanide HCN (gas and particulate phases) Ammonia NH3 by ion chromatography Volatiles Benzene, Toluene, 1,3-butadiene, Isoprene, Acrylonitrile Semi-Volatiles Pyridine, Quinoline, Styrene Trace Metals Nickel (Ni) Cadmium (Cd) Lead (Pb) Chromium (Cr) Arsenic (As) Selenium (Se) Mercury Mercury (Hg) Smoke pH Integrated Puff Profile Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) N-Nitrosoanabasine (NAB) N-Nitrosoanatabine (NAT) 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) Volatile Nitrosamines N,N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) N,N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) N,N-Nitrosoethylmethylamine (NEMA) N,N-Nitrosodipropylamine (NDPA) N,N-Nitrosodibuthylamine (NDBA) N-Nitrosopiperidine (NPIP) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Naphthalene 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-methylnaphthalene Acenaphthylene Acenaphthene Fluorene Phenanthrene Anthracene Fluoranthene Pyrene Benzo(a)anthracene Chrysene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Benzo(j)fluoranthene Benzo(g,h,l)perylene Benzo(e)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene Perylene Indeno(1,2,3,-cd)pyrene Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Dibenz(a,j)acridine Dibenz(a,h)acridine Dibenz(a,e)pyrene Dibenz(a,h)pyrene Dibenz(a,i)pyrene Dibenz(a,l)pyrene 7H-Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines 2-Amino-3-methylimidaszo(4,5-f)quinoline (IQ) 2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline (MeIQ) 2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (MeAaC) 2-Amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (AaC) 1-Methyl-9H-pyridol(3,4-b)indole (Harman) 9H-Pyrido(3,4-b)indole (Norharman) Nitrogen 280-320 mg (56-64%b) Oxygen 50-70 mg (11-14%b) Carbon dioxide 45-65 mg (9-13%b) Carbon monoxide 14-23 mg (2.8-4.6%b) Water 7-12 mg (1.4-2.4%b) Argon 5mg (1.0%b) Hydrogen 0.5-1.0 mg Ammonia 10-130 μg Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 100-600 μg Hydrogen cyanide 400-500 μg Hydrogen sulfide 20-90 μg Methane 1.0-2.0 mg Other volatile alkanes (20) 1.0-.16 mgc Volatile alkenes (16) 0.4-0.5mg Isoprene 0.2-0.4mg Butadiene 25-40μg Acetylene 20-35μg Benzene 12-50μg Toluene 20-60μg Styrene 10μg Other volatile aromatic hydrocarbons (29) 15-30μg Formic acid 200-600 μg Acetic acid 300-1,700 μg Propionic acid 100-300 μg Methyl formate 20-30 μg Other volatile acids (6) 5-10 μgc Formaldehyde 20-100 μg Acetaldehyde 400-1,400 μg Acrolein 60-140 μg Other volatile aldehydes (6) Acetone Other volatile ketones (3) Methanol Other volatile alcohols (7) Acetonitrile Other volatile nitriles (I0) Furan Other volatile furans (4) Pyridine Picolines (3) 3-Vinylpyridine Other volatile pyridines (25) Pyrrole Pyrrolidine N-Methylpyrrolidine Volatile pyrazines (18) Methylamine Other aliphatic amines (32) Nornicotine Anatabine Anabasine Other tobacco alkaloids (17) Bipyridyls (4) n-Hentriacontane (n-C31H64) Total nonvolatile hydrocarbons (45)b Naphthalene Other naphthalenes (23) Phenanthrenes (7) Anthracenes (5) Fluorenes (7) Pyrenes (6) Fluoranthenes (5) Carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (11)c Phenol Other phenols (45)b Catechol Other catechols (4) Other dihydroxybenzenes (10) Scopoletin Other polyphenols (8)b Cyclotenes (10)b Quinones (7) Solanesol Neophytadienes (4) 200-350 Limonene 30-60 Other terpenes (200-250)b NA Palmitic acid 100-150 Stearic acid 50-75 Oleic acid 40-110 Linoleic acid 60-150 Linolenic acid 150-250 Lactic acid 60-80 Indole 10-15 Skatole 12-16 Other indoles (13) NA Quinolines (7) 2-4 Other N-heterocyclic hydrocarbons (55) NA Benzofurans (4) 200-300 Other O-heterocyclic hydrocarbons (42) NA Stigmasterol 40-70 Sitosterol 30-40 Campesterol 20-30 Cholesterol 10-20 Aniline 0.36 Toluidines 0.23 Other aromatic amines (12) 0.25 Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (4)c 0.34-2.7 Glycerol PAH Benz(a)anthracene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(j)fluoranthene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Benzo(a)pyrene Chrysene Dibenz(a,h)anthracene Dibenzo(a,1)pyrene Dibenzo(a,1)pyrene Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene 5-Methylchrysene Aza-arenes Quinoline Dibenz(a,h)acridine Dibenz(aj)acridine 7H-Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole N-Nitrosamines N-Nitrosodimethylamine N-Nitrosoethyl methylamine N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine N-Nitrosodiethanolamine N’-Nitrosonomicotine 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1- (3-pyridyl)-1-butanone N’-Nitrosoanabasine N-Nitrosomorpholine 2-Toluidine 2-Naphthylamine 4-Aminobiphenyl Aldehydes Formaldehydea Acetaldehydea Crotonaldehyde Miscellaneous organic compounds Benzene Acrylonitrile 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 2-Nitropropane Ethylcarbamate Vinylchloride Inorganic compounds Hydrazine Arsenic Nickel Chromium Cadmium Lead Polonium-210 Asbestos Plutonium
List #2
Acetanisole, · Acetic Acid, · Acetoin, · Acetophenone, · 6-Acetoxydihydrotheaspirane, · 2-Acetyl-3- Ethylpyrazine, · 2-Acetyl-5-Methylfuran, · Acetylpyrazine, · 2-Acetylpyridine, · 3-Acetylpyridine, · 2-Acetylthiazole, · Aconitic Acid, · dl-Alanine, · Alfalfa Extract, · Allspice Extract, · Oleoresin, · And Oil, · Allyl Hexanoate, · Allyl Ionone, · Almond Bitter Oil, · Ambergris Tincture, · Ammonia, · Ammonium Bicarbonate, · Ammonium Hydroxide, · Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic, · Ammonium Sulfide, · Amyl Alcohol, · Amyl Butyrate, · Amyl Formate, · Amyl Octanoate, · alpha-Amylcinnamaldehyde, · Amyris Oil, · trans-Anethole, · Angelica Root Extract, Oil and Seed Oil, · Anise, · Anise Star, Extract and Oils, · Anisyl Acetate, · Anisyl Alcohol, · Anisyl Formate, · Anisyl Phenylacetate, · Apple Juice Concentrate, Extract, and Skins, · Apricot Extract and Juice Concentrate, · 1-Arginine, · Asafetida Fluid Extract And Oil, · Ascorbic Acid, · 1-Asparagine Monohydrate, · 1-Aspartic Acid, · Balsam Peru and Oil, · Basil Oil, · Bay Leaf, Oil and Sweet Oil, · Beeswax White, · Beet Juice Concentrate, · Benzaldehyde, · Benzaldehyde Glyceryl Acetal, · Benzoic Acid, Benzoin, · Benzoin Resin, · Benzophenone, · Benzyl Alcohol, · Benzyl Benzoate, · Benzyl Butyrate, · Benzyl Cinnamate, · Benzyl Propionate, · Benzyl Salicylate, · Bergamot Oil, · Bisabolene, · Black Currant Buds Absolute, · Borneol, · Bornyl Acetate, · Buchu Leaf Oil, · 1,3-Butanediol, · 2,3-Butanedione, · 1-Butanol, · 2-Butanone, · 4(2-Butenylidene)-3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-One, · Butter, Butter Esters, and Butter Oil, · Butyl Acetate, · Butyl Butyrate, · Butyl Butyryl Lactate, · Butyl Isovalerate, · Butyl Phenylacetate, · Butyl Undecylenate, · 3-Butylidenephthalide, · Butyric Acid, · Cadinene, · Caffeine, · Calcium Carbonate, · Camphene, · Cananga Oil, · Capsicum Oleoresin, · Caramel Color, · Caraway Oil, · Carbon Dioxide, · Cardamom Oleoresin, Extract, Seed Oil, and Powder, · Carob Bean and Extract, · beta-Carotene, · Carrot Oil, · Carvacrol, · 4-Carvomenthenol, · 1-Carvone, · beta-Caryophyllene, · beta-Caryophyllene Oxide, · Cascarilla Oil and Bark Extract, · Cassia Bark Oil, · Cassie Absolute and Oil, · Castoreum Extract, Tincture and Absolute, · Cedar Leaf Oil, · Cedarwood Oil Terpenes and Virginiana, · Cedrol, · Celery Seed Extract, Solid, Oil, And Oleoresin, · Cellulose Fiber, · Chamomile Flower Oil And Extract, · Chicory Extract, · Chocolate, · Cinnamaldehyde, · Cinnamic Acid, · Cinnamon Leaf Oil, Bark Oil, and Extract, · Cinnamyl Acetate, · Cinnamyl Alcohol, · Cinnamyl Cinnamate, · Cinnamyl Isovalerate, · Cinnamyl Propionate, · Citral, · Citric Acid, · Citronella Oil, · dl-Citronellol, · Citronellyl Butyrate, · Citronellyl Isobutyrate, · Civet Absolute, · Clary Oil, · Clover Tops, Red Solid Extract, · Cocoa, · Cocoa Shells, Extract, Distillate And Powder, · Coconut Oil, · Coffee, · Cognac White and Green Oil, · Copaiba Oil, · Coriander Extract and Oil, · Corn Oil, · Corn Silk, · Costus Root Oil, · Cubeb Oil, · Cuminaldehyde, · para-Cymene, · 1-Cysteine, · Dandelion Root Solid Extract, · Davana Oil, · 2-trans, 4-trans-Decadienal, · delta-Decalactone, · gamma-Decalactone, · Decanal, · Decanoic Acid, · 1-Decanol, · 2-Decenal, · Dehydromenthofurolactone, · Diethyl Malonate, · Diethyl Sebacate, · 2,3-Diethylpyrazine, · Dihydro Anethole, · 5,7-Dihydro-2-Methylthieno(3,4-D) Pyrimidine, · Dill Seed Oil and Extract, · meta-Dimethoxybenzene, · para-Dimethoxybenzene, · 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol, · Dimethyl Succinate, · 3,4-Dimethyl-1,2-Cyclopentanedione, · 3,5- Dimethyl-1,2-Cyclopentanedione, · 3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-Octatriene, · 4,5-Dimethyl-3-Hydroxy-2,5-Dihydrofuran-2-One, · 6,10-Dimethyl-5,9-Undecadien-2-One, · 3,7-Dimethyl-6-Octenoic Acid, · 2,4-Dimethylacetophenone, · alpha,para-Dimethylbenzyl Alcohol, · alpha,alpha-Dimethylphenethyl Acetate, · alpha,alpha Dimethylphenethyl Butyrate, · 2,3-Dimethylpyrazine, · 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine, · 2,6-Dimethylpyrazine, · Dimethyltetrahydrobenzofuranone, · delta-Dodecalactone, · gamma-Dodecalactone, · para-Ethoxybenzaldehyde, · Ethyl 10-Undecenoate, · Ethyl 2-Methylbutyrate, · Ethyl Acetate, · Ethyl Acetoacetate, · Ethyl Alcohol, · Ethyl Benzoate, · Ethyl Butyrate, · Ethyl Cinnamate, · Ethyl Decanoate, · Ethyl Fenchol, · Ethyl Furoate, · Ethyl Heptanoate, · Ethyl Hexanoate, · Ethyl Isovalerate, · Ethyl Lactate, · Ethyl Laurate, · Ethyl Levulinate, · Ethyl Maltol, · Ethyl Methyl Phenylglycidate, · Ethyl Myristate, · Ethyl Nonanoate, · Ethyl Octadecanoate, · Ethyl Octanoate, · Ethyl Oleate, · Ethyl Palmitate, · Ethyl Phenylacetate, · Ethyl Propionate, · Ethyl Salicylate, · Ethyl trans-2-Butenoate, · Ethyl Valerate, · Ethyl Vanillin, · 2-Ethyl (or Methyl)-(3,5 and 6)-Methoxypyrazine, · 2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol, 3-Ethyl -2 -Hydroxy-2-Cyclopenten-1-One, · 2-Ethyl-3, (5 or 6)-Dimethylpyrazine, · 5-Ethyl-3-Hydroxy-4-Methyl-2(5H)-Furanone, · 2-Ethyl-3-Methylpyrazine, · 4-Ethylbenzaldehyde, · 4-Ethylguaiacol, · para-Ethylphenol, · 3-Ethylpyridine, · Eucalyptol, · Farnesol, · D-Fenchone, · Fennel Sweet Oil, · Fenugreek, Extract, Resin, and Absolute, · Fig Juice Concentrate, · Food Starch Modified, · Furfuryl Mercaptan, · 4-(2-Furyl)-3-Buten-2-One, · Galbanum Oil, · Genet Absolute, · Gentian Root Extract, · Geraniol, · Geranium Rose Oil, · Geranyl Acetate, · Geranyl Butyrate, · Geranyl Formate, · Geranyl Isovalerate, · Geranyl Phenylacetate, · Ginger Oil and Oleoresin, · 1-Glutamic Acid, · 1-Glutamine, · Glycerol, · Glycyrrhizin Ammoniated, · Grape Juice Concentrate, · Guaiac Wood Oil, · Guaiacol, · Guar Gum, · 2,4-Heptadienal, · gamma-Heptalactone, · Heptanoic Acid, · 2-Heptanone, · 3-Hepten-2-One, · 2-Hepten-4-One, · 4-Heptenal, · trans -2-Heptenal, · Heptyl Acetate, · omega-6-Hexadecenlactone, · gamma-Hexalactone, · Hexanal, · Hexanoic Acid, · 2-Hexen-1-Ol, · 3-Hexen-1-Ol, · cis-3-Hexen-1-Yl Acetate, · 2-Hexenal, · 3-Hexenoic Acid, · trans-2-Hexenoic Acid, · cis-3-Hexenyl Formate, · Hexyl 2-Methylbutyrate, · Hexyl Acetate, · Hexyl Alcohol, · Hexyl Phenylacetate, · 1-Histidine, · Honey, · Hops Oil, · Hydrolyzed Milk Solids, · Hydrolyzed Plant Proteins, · 5-Hydroxy-2,4-Decadienoic Acid delta- Lactone, · 4-Hydroxy-2,5-Dimethyl-3(2H)-Furanone, · 2-Hydroxy-3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-One, · 4-Hydroxy -3-Pentenoic Acid Lactone, · 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylbenzaldehyde, · 4-Hydroxybutanoic Acid Lactone, · Hydroxycitronellal, · 6-Hydroxydihydrotheaspirane, · 4-(para-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-Butanone, · Hyssop Oil, · Immortelle Absolute and Extract, · alpha-Ionone, · beta-Ionone, · alpha-Irone, · Isoamyl Acetate, · Isoamyl Benzoate, · Isoamyl Butyrate, · Isoamyl Cinnamate, · Isoamyl Formate, Isoamyl Hexanoate, · Isoamyl Isovalerate, · Isoamyl Octanoate, · Isoamyl Phenylacetate, · Isobornyl Acetate, · Isobutyl Acetate, · Isobutyl Alcohol, · Isobutyl Cinnamate, · Isobutyl Phenylacetate, · Isobutyl Salicylate, · 2-Isobutyl-3-Methoxypyrazine, · alpha-Isobutylphenethyl Alcohol, · Isobutyraldehyde, · Isobutyric Acid, · d,l-Isoleucine, · alpha-Isomethylionone, · 2-Isopropylphenol, · Isovaleric Acid, · Jasmine Absolute, Concrete and Oil, · Kola Nut Extract, · Labdanum Absolute and Oleoresin, · Lactic Acid, · Lauric Acid, · Lauric Aldehyde, · Lavandin Oil, · Lavender Oil, · Lemon Oil and Extract, · Lemongrass Oil, · 1-Leucine, · Levulinic Acid, · Licorice Root, Fluid, Extract and Powder, · Lime Oil , · Linalool, · Linalool Oxide, · Linalyl Acetate, · Linden Flowers, · Lovage Oil And Extract, · 1-Lysine, · Mace Powder, Extract and Oil , · Magnesium Carbonate, · Malic Acid, · Malt and Malt Extract, · Maltodextrin, · Maltol, · Maltyl Isobutyrate, · Mandarin Oil, · Maple Syrup and Concentrate, · Mate Leaf, Absolute and Oil, · para-Mentha-8-Thiol-3-One, · Menthol, · Menthone, · Menthyl Acetate, · dl-Methionine, · Methoprene, · 2-Methoxy-4-Methylphenol, · 2-Methoxy-4-Vinylphenol, · para-Methoxybenzaldehyde, · 1-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-1-Penten-3-One, · 4-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Butanone, · 1-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Propanone, · Methoxypyrazine, · Methyl 2-Furoate, · Methyl 2-Octynoate, · Methyl 2-Pyrrolyl Ketone, · Methyl Anisate, · Methyl Anthranilate, · Methyl Benzoate, · Methyl Cinnamate, · Methyl Dihydrojasmonate, · Methyl Ester of Rosin, Partially Hydrogenated, · Methyl Isovalerate, · Methyl Linoleate (48%), · Methyl Linolenate (52%) Mixture, · Methyl Naphthyl Ketone, · Methyl Nicotinate, · Methyl Phenylacetate, · Methyl Salicylate, · Methyl Sulfide, · 3-Methyl-1-Cyclopentadecanone, · 4-Methyl-1-Phenyl-2-Pentanone, · 5-Methyl-2-Phenyl-2-Hexenal, · 5-Methyl-2-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde, · 6-Methyl-3,-5-Heptadien-2-One, · 2-Methyl-3-(para-Isopropylphenyl) Propionaldehyde, · 5-Methyl-3-Hexen-2-One, · 1-Methyl-3Methoxy-4-Isopropylbenzene, · 4-Methyl-3-Pentene-2-One, · 2-Methyl-4-Phenylbutyraldehyde, · 6-Methyl-5-Hepten-2-One, · 4-Methyl-5-Thiazoleethanol, · 4-Methyl-5-Vinylthiazole, · Methyl-alpha-Ionone, · Methyl-trans-2-Butenoic Acid, · 4-Methylacetophenone, · para-Methylanisole, · alpha-Methylbenzyl Acetate, · alpha-Methylbenzyl Alcohol, · 2-Methylbutyraldehyde, · 3-Methylbutyraldehyde, · 2-Methylbutyric Acid, · alpha-Methylcinnamaldehyde, · Methylcyclopentenolone, · 2-Methylheptanoic Acid, · 2-Methylhexanoic Acid, · 3-Methylpentanoic Acid, · 4-Methylpentanoic Acid, · 2-Methylpyrazine, · 5-Methylquinoxaline, · 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-One * (Methylthio)Methylpyrazine (Mixture Of Isomers), · 3-Methylthiopropionaldehyde, · Methyl 3-Methylthiopropionate, · 2-Methylvaleric Acid, · Mimosa Absolute and Extract, · Molasses Extract and Tincture, · Mountain Maple Solid Extract, · Mullein Flowers, · Myristaldehyde, · Myristic Acid, · Myrrh Oil, · beta-Napthyl Ethyl Ether, · Nerol, · Neroli Bigarde Oil, · Nerolidol, · Nona-2-trans,6-cis-Dienal, · 2,6-Nonadien-1-Ol, · gamma-Nonalactone, · Nonanal, · Nonanoic Acid, · Nonanone, · trans-2-Nonen-1-Ol, · 2-Nonenal, · Nonyl Acetate, · Nutmeg Powder and Oil, · Oak Chips Extract and Oil, · Oak Moss Absolute, · 9,12-Octadecadienoic Acid (48%) And 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic Acid (52%), · delta-Octalactone, · gamma-Octalactone, · Octanal, · Octanoic Acid, · 1-Octanol, · 2-Octanone, · 3-Octen-2-One, · 1-Octen-3-Ol, · 1-Octen-3-Yl Acetate, · 2-Octenal, · Octyl Isobutyrate, · Oleic Acid , · Olibanum Oil, · Opoponax Oil And Gum, · Orange Blossoms Water, Absolute, and Leaf Absolute, · Orange Oil and Extract, · Origanum Oil, · Orris Concrete Oil and Root Extract, · Palmarosa Oil, · Palmitic Acid, · Parsley Seed Oil, · Patchouli Oil, · omega-Pentadecalactone, · 2,3-Pentanedione, · 2-Pentanone, · 4-Pentenoic Acid, · 2-Pentylpyridine, · Pepper Oil, Black And White, · Peppermint Oil, · Peruvian (Bois De Rose) Oil, · Petitgrain Absolute, Mandarin Oil and Terpeneless Oil, · alpha-Phellandrene, · 2-Phenenthyl Acetate, · Phenenthyl Alcohol, · Phenethyl Butyrate, · Phenethyl Cinnamate, · Phenethyl Isobutyrate, · Phenethyl Isovalerate, · Phenethyl Phenylacetate, · Phenethyl Salicylate, · 1-Phenyl-1-Propanol, · 3-Phenyl-1-Propanol, · 2-Phenyl-2-Butenal, · 4-Phenyl-3-Buten-2-Ol, · 4-Phenyl-3-Buten-2-One, · Phenylacetaldehyde, · Phenylacetic Acid, · 1-Phenylalanine, · 3-Phenylpropionaldehyde, · 3-Phenylpropionic Acid, · 3-Phenylpropyl Acetate, · 3-Phenylpropyl Cinnamate, · 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)Tetrahydrofuran, · Phosphoric Acid, · Pimenta Leaf Oil, · Pine Needle Oil, Pine Oil, Scotch, · Pineapple Juice Concentrate, · alpha-Pinene, beta-Pinene, · D-Piperitone, · Piperonal, · Pipsissewa Leaf Extract, · Plum Juice, · Potassium Sorbate, · 1-Proline, · Propenylguaethol, · Propionic Acid, · Propyl Acetate, · Propyl para-Hydroxybenzoate, · Propylene Glycol, · 3-Propylidenephthalide, · Prune Juice and Concentrate, · Pyridine, · Pyroligneous Acid And Extract, * * Pyrrole, * Pyruvic Acid, * Raisin Juice Concentrate, * Rhodinol, * Rose Absolute and Oil, * Rosemary Oil, * Rum, * Rum Ether, * Rye Extract, * Sage, Sage Oil, and Sage Oleoresin, * Salicylaldehyde, * Sandalwood Oil, Yellow, * Sclareolide, * Skatole, * Smoke Flavor, * Snakeroot Oil, * Sodium Acetate, * Sodium Benzoate, * Sodium Bicarbonate, * Sodium Carbonate, * Sodium Chloride, * Sodium Citrate, * Sodium Hydroxide, * Solanone, * Spearmint Oil, * Styrax Extract, Gum and Oil, * Sucrose Octaacetate, * Sugar Alcohols, * Sugars, * Tagetes Oil, * Tannic Acid, * Tartaric Acid, * Tea Leaf and Absolute, * alpha-Terpineol, * Terpinolene, * Terpinyl Acetate, * 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinoxaline, * 1,5,5,9-Tetramethyl-13-Oxatricyclo(8.3.0.0(4,9))Tridecane, * 2,3,4,5, and 3,4,5,6-Tetramethylethyl-Cyclohexanone, * 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine, * Thiamine Hydrochloride, * Thiazole, * 1-Threonine, * Thyme Oil, White and Red, * Thymol, * Tobacco Extracts, * Tochopherols (mixed), * Tolu Balsam Gum and Extract, * Tolualdehydes, * para-Tolyl 3-Methylbutyrate, * para-Tolyl Acetaldehyde, * para-Tolyl Acetate, * para-Tolyl Isobutyrate, * para-Tolyl Phenylacetate, * Triacetin, * 2-Tridecanone, * 2-Tridecenal, * Triethyl Citrate, * 3,5,5-Trimethyl -1-Hexanol, * para,alpha,alpha-Trimethylbenzyl Alcohol, * 4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-1-Enyl)But-2-En-4-One, * 2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-2-Ene-1,4-Dione, * 2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-Dienyl Methan, * 4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-Dienyl)But-2-En-4-One, * 2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexanone, * 2,3,5-Trimethylpyrazine, * 1-Tyrosine, * delta-Undercalactone, * gamma-Undecalactone, * Undecanal, * 2-Undecanone, 1 * 0-Undecenal, * Urea, * Valencene, * Valeraldehyde, * Valerian Root Extract, Oil and Powder, * Valeric Acid, * gamma-Valerolactone, * Valine, * Vanilla Extract And Oleoresin, * Vanillin, * Veratraldehyde, * Vetiver Oil, * Vinegar, * Violet Leaf Absolute, * Walnut Hull Extract, * Water, * Wheat Extract And Flour, * Wild Cherry Bark Extract, * Wine and Wine Sherry, * Xanthan Gum, * 3,4-Xylenol, * Yeast Benzene 2-Napthylamine 4-Aminobiphenyl Nickel Polonium 210 (radioactive) Nitrogen oxides N-Nitrosodimethylamine N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine 1,3-Butadiene Analine Formaldehyde Hydrazine N-Nitrodiethanolamine Cadmium Benzo[a]pyrene Benz[a]anthracene Y-Butyrolactone Particulate matter N-Nitrosonornicotine NNK Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Carbonyl sulfide Toluene Acrolein Acetone Pyridine 3-Methylpyridine 3-Vinylpyridine Hydrogen cyanide Ammonia Methylamine Dimethylamine Nicotine Anatabine Phenol Catechol Hydorquinone Cholesterol Quinoline Harman Zinc Benzoic acid Lactic acid Glycolic acid Succinic acit PCDDs and PCDFs (Dioxins, Dibenzofurans) Formic acid Acetic acid Methyl chloride Dimethylnitrosamine Ethylmethylnitrosamine Nitrosopyrrolidine Hydrazine Vinyl Chloride Urethane Formaldehyde Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen Cyanide Acrolein Acetadehyde Nitrogen oxides Ammonia Pyridine Nitric acid Mathylamine Hydrogen cyanide Indole 3-hydroxypyridine 3-vinylpyridine Acetone Acetonitrile Acrolein 1,3-Butadiene, mg Nitrous acid isoquioline Isoamylamine 3-Cyanopyridine Carbonyls Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Acrolein, Propionaldehyde, Crotonaldehyde, Methyl-Ethyl-Ketone, Butyraldehyde Phenolics Hydroquinone, Resorcinol, Catechol, Phenol, Cresol (m+p and o) Benzo[a]pyrene BaP (HPLC) Aromatic Amines 3- and 4-aminobiphenyl, 1- and 2- aminonapthlene, o-toluidine, o-anisidine Oxides of Nitrogen NO, NOx Hydrogen Cyanide HCN (gas and particulate phases) Ammonia NH3 by ion chromatography Volatiles Benzene, Toluene, 1,3-butadiene, Isoprene, Acrylonitrile Semi-Volatiles Pyridine, Quinoline, Styrene Trace Metals Nickel (Ni) Cadmium (Cd) Lead (Pb) Chromium (Cr) Arsenic (As) Selenium (Se) Mercury Mercury (Hg) Smoke pH Integrated Puff Profile Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) N-Nitrosoanabasine (NAB) N-Nitrosoanatabine (NAT) 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) Volatile Nitrosamines N,N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) N,N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) N,N-Nitrosoethylmethylamine (NEMA) N,N-Nitrosodipropylamine (NDPA) N,N-Nitrosodibuthylamine (NDBA) N-Nitrosopiperidine (NPIP) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Naphthalene 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-methylnaphthalene Acenaphthylene Acenaphthene Fluorene Phenanthrene Anthracene Fluoranthene Pyrene Benzo(a)anthracene Chrysene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Benzo(j)fluoranthene Benzo(g,h,l)perylene Benzo(e)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene Perylene Indeno(1,2,3,-cd)pyrene Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Dibenz(a,j)acridine Dibenz(a,h)acridine Dibenz(a,e)pyrene Dibenz(a,h)pyrene Dibenz(a,i)pyrene Dibenz(a,l)pyrene 7H-Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines 2-Amino-3-methylimidaszo(4,5-f)quinoline (IQ) 2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline (MeIQ) 2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (MeAaC) 2-Amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (AaC) 1-Methyl-9H-pyridol(3,4-b)indole (Harman) 9H-Pyrido(3,4-b)indole (Norharman) Nitrogen 280-320 mg (56-64%b) Oxygen 50-70 mg (11-14%b) Carbon dioxide 45-65 mg (9-13%b) Carbon monoxide 14-23 mg (2.8-4.6%b) Water 7-12 mg (1.4-2.4%b) Argon 5mg (1.0%b) Hydrogen 0.5-1.0 mg Ammonia 10-130 μg Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 100-600 μg Hydrogen cyanide 400-500 μg Hydrogen sulfide 20-90 μg Methane 1.0-2.0 mg Other volatile alkanes (20) 1.0-.16 mgc Volatile alkenes (16) 0.4-0.5mg Isoprene 0.2-0.4mg Butadiene 25-40μg Acetylene 20-35μg Benzene 12-50μg Toluene 20-60μg Styrene 10μg Other volatile aromatic hydrocarbons (29) 15-30μg Acetic acid 300-1,700 μg Propionic acid 100-300 μg Methyl formate 20-30 μg Other volatile acids (6) 5-10 μgc Formaldehyde 20-100 μg Acetaldehyde 400-1,400 μg Acetone Other volatile ketones (3) Methanol Other volatile alcohols (7) Acetonitrile Other volatile nitriles (I0) Furan Other volatile furans (4) Pyridine Picolines (3) 3-Vinylpyridine Other volatile pyridines (25) Pyrrole Pyrrolidine N-Methylpyrrolidine Volatile pyrazines (18) Methylamine Other aliphatic amines (32) Nornicotine Anatabine Anabasine Other tobacco alkaloids (17) Bipyridyls (4) n-Hentriacontane (n-C31H64) Total nonvolatile hydrocarbons (45)b Naphthalene Other naphthalenes (23) Phenanthrenes (7) Palmitic acid 100-150 Stearic acid 50-75 Oleic acid 40-110 Linoleic acid 60-150 Linolenic acid 150-250 Lactic acid 60-80 Indole 10-15 Skatole 12-16 Other indoles (13) NA Quinolines (7) 2-4 Other N-heterocyclic hydrocarbons (55) NA Benzofurans (4) 200-300 Other O-heterocyclic hydrocarbons (42) NA Stigmasterol 40-70 Sitosterol 30-40 Campesterol 20-30 Cholesterol 10-20 Aniline 0.36 Toluidines 0.23 Other aromatic amines (12) 0.25 Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (4)c 0.34-2.7 Glycerol PAH Benz(a)anthracene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(j)fluoranthene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Benzo(a)pyrene Chrysene Dibenz(a,h)anthracene Dibenzo(a,1)pyrene Dibenzo(a,1)pyrene Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene 5-Methylchrysene Aza-arenes Quinoline Dibenz(a,h)acridine Dibenz(aj)acridine 7H-Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole N-Nitrosamines N-Nitrosodimethylamine N-Nitrosoethyl methylamine N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine N-Nitrosodiethanolamine N’-Nitrosonomicotine 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1- (3-pyridyl)-1-butanone N’-Nitrosoanabasine N-Nitrosomorpholine 2-Toluidine 2-Naphthylamine 4-Aminobiphenyl Aldehydes Formaldehydea Acetaldehydea Crotonaldehyde Miscellaneous organic compounds Benzene Acrylonitrile 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 2-Nitropropane Ethylcarbamate Vinylchloride Inorganic compounds Hydrazine Arsenic Nickel Chromium Cadmium Lead Polonium-210 Asbestos Plutonium
The Rest of the Story
This example shows how absurd the regulatory approach taken by the FDA legislation is. The reality is that the FDA is not going to know whether or not its proposed changes to cigarette components are going to make cigarettes safer or not. So the FDA is going to use smokers as guinea pigs to figure that out. Now that may be fine; however, in the mean time, people are going to be given the implied message that cigarettes are safer. In other words, the fraud that the tobacco companies were found guilty of committing against American consumers by implying a safer product without documentation will now be transferred over to the United States government.
I don't think we want any part of this regulatory scheme.
Below are two lists of chemical ingredients in cigarettes and tobacco smoke. The first list is a partial, current list of ingredients and constituents. The second list is the same, but has 20 hazardous chemicals removed.
In a sense, this is a simulation of what the proposed strategy that is being promoted to make cigarettes safer through the FDA legislation would look like. The FDA would be given the authority to choose specific ingredients and require their reduction or elimination.
Let us assume, under a best case scenario, that the FDA is able to get through regulations that would eliminate 20 of the hazardous chemicals in cigarettes.
Here is the question:
How much safer is the second group of chemicals than the first group? What would the relative risk for lung cancer be if cigarettes contained the second list of chemicals, rather than the first list? How about the relative risk for emphysema? The relative risk for heart disease?
Since the anti-smoking groups supporting the FDA legislation claim that the bill would require cigarette companies to make their products safer, I assume that they will be able to answer this question.
I'll give these groups until Friday to respond. I'll report back on Friday with the responses that I receive.
How much safer will cigarettes be if we can knock out a whopping 20 of the hazardous ingredients?
List #1
Acetanisole, · Acetic Acid, · Acetoin, · Acetophenone, · 6-Acetoxydihydrotheaspirane, · 2-Acetyl-3- Ethylpyrazine, · 2-Acetyl-5-Methylfuran, · Acetylpyrazine, · 2-Acetylpyridine, · 3-Acetylpyridine, · 2-Acetylthiazole, · Aconitic Acid, · dl-Alanine, · Alfalfa Extract, · Allspice Extract, · Oleoresin, · And Oil, · Allyl Hexanoate, · Allyl Ionone, · Almond Bitter Oil, · Ambergris Tincture, · Ammonia, · Ammonium Bicarbonate, · Ammonium Hydroxide, · Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic, · Ammonium Sulfide, · Amyl Alcohol, · Amyl Butyrate, · Amyl Formate, · Amyl Octanoate, · alpha-Amylcinnamaldehyde, · Amyris Oil, · trans-Anethole, · Angelica Root Extract, Oil and Seed Oil, · Anise, · Anise Star, Extract and Oils, · Anisyl Acetate, · Anisyl Alcohol, · Anisyl Formate, · Anisyl Phenylacetate, · Apple Juice Concentrate, Extract, and Skins, · Apricot Extract and Juice Concentrate, · 1-Arginine, · Asafetida Fluid Extract And Oil, · Ascorbic Acid, · 1-Asparagine Monohydrate, · 1-Aspartic Acid, · Balsam Peru and Oil, · Basil Oil, · Bay Leaf, Oil and Sweet Oil, · Beeswax White, · Beet Juice Concentrate, · Benzaldehyde, · Benzaldehyde Glyceryl Acetal, · Benzoic Acid, Benzoin, · Benzoin Resin, · Benzophenone, · Benzyl Alcohol, · Benzyl Benzoate, · Benzyl Butyrate, · Benzyl Cinnamate, · Benzyl Propionate, · Benzyl Salicylate, · Bergamot Oil, · Bisabolene, · Black Currant Buds Absolute, · Borneol, · Bornyl Acetate, · Buchu Leaf Oil, · 1,3-Butanediol, · 2,3-Butanedione, · 1-Butanol, · 2-Butanone, · 4(2-Butenylidene)-3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-One, · Butter, Butter Esters, and Butter Oil, · Butyl Acetate, · Butyl Butyrate, · Butyl Butyryl Lactate, · Butyl Isovalerate, · Butyl Phenylacetate, · Butyl Undecylenate, · 3-Butylidenephthalide, · Butyric Acid, · Cadinene, · Caffeine, · Calcium Carbonate, · Camphene, · Cananga Oil, · Capsicum Oleoresin, · Caramel Color, · Caraway Oil, · Carbon Dioxide, · Cardamom Oleoresin, Extract, Seed Oil, and Powder, · Carob Bean and Extract, · beta-Carotene, · Carrot Oil, · Carvacrol, · 4-Carvomenthenol, · 1-Carvone, · beta-Caryophyllene, · beta-Caryophyllene Oxide, · Cascarilla Oil and Bark Extract, · Cassia Bark Oil, · Cassie Absolute and Oil, · Castoreum Extract, Tincture and Absolute, · Cedar Leaf Oil, · Cedarwood Oil Terpenes and Virginiana, · Cedrol, · Celery Seed Extract, Solid, Oil, And Oleoresin, · Cellulose Fiber, · Chamomile Flower Oil And Extract, · Chicory Extract, · Chocolate, · Cinnamaldehyde, · Cinnamic Acid, · Cinnamon Leaf Oil, Bark Oil, and Extract, · Cinnamyl Acetate, · Cinnamyl Alcohol, · Cinnamyl Cinnamate, · Cinnamyl Isovalerate, · Cinnamyl Propionate, · Citral, · Citric Acid, · Citronella Oil, · dl-Citronellol, · Citronellyl Butyrate, · Citronellyl Isobutyrate, · Civet Absolute, · Clary Oil, · Clover Tops, Red Solid Extract, · Cocoa, · Cocoa Shells, Extract, Distillate And Powder, · Coconut Oil, · Coffee, · Cognac White and Green Oil, · Copaiba Oil, · Coriander Extract and Oil, · Corn Oil, · Corn Silk, · Costus Root Oil, · Cubeb Oil, · Cuminaldehyde, · para-Cymene, · 1-Cysteine, · Dandelion Root Solid Extract, · Davana Oil, · 2-trans, 4-trans-Decadienal, · delta-Decalactone, · gamma-Decalactone, · Decanal, · Decanoic Acid, · 1-Decanol, · 2-Decenal, · Dehydromenthofurolactone, · Diethyl Malonate, · Diethyl Sebacate, · 2,3-Diethylpyrazine, · Dihydro Anethole, · 5,7-Dihydro-2-Methylthieno(3,4-D) Pyrimidine, · Dill Seed Oil and Extract, · meta-Dimethoxybenzene, · para-Dimethoxybenzene, · 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol, · Dimethyl Succinate, · 3,4-Dimethyl-1,2-Cyclopentanedione, · 3,5- Dimethyl-1,2-Cyclopentanedione, · 3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-Octatriene, · 4,5-Dimethyl-3-Hydroxy-2,5-Dihydrofuran-2-One, · 6,10-Dimethyl-5,9-Undecadien-2-One, · 3,7-Dimethyl-6-Octenoic Acid, · 2,4-Dimethylacetophenone, · alpha,para-Dimethylbenzyl Alcohol, · alpha,alpha-Dimethylphenethyl Acetate, · alpha,alpha Dimethylphenethyl Butyrate, · 2,3-Dimethylpyrazine, · 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine, · 2,6-Dimethylpyrazine, · Dimethyltetrahydrobenzofuranone, · delta-Dodecalactone, · gamma-Dodecalactone, · para-Ethoxybenzaldehyde, · Ethyl 10-Undecenoate, · Ethyl 2-Methylbutyrate, · Ethyl Acetate, · Ethyl Acetoacetate, · Ethyl Alcohol, · Ethyl Benzoate, · Ethyl Butyrate, · Ethyl Cinnamate, · Ethyl Decanoate, · Ethyl Fenchol, · Ethyl Furoate, · Ethyl Heptanoate, · Ethyl Hexanoate, · Ethyl Isovalerate, · Ethyl Lactate, · Ethyl Laurate, · Ethyl Levulinate, · Ethyl Maltol, · Ethyl Methyl Phenylglycidate, · Ethyl Myristate, · Ethyl Nonanoate, · Ethyl Octadecanoate, · Ethyl Octanoate, · Ethyl Oleate, · Ethyl Palmitate, · Ethyl Phenylacetate, · Ethyl Propionate, · Ethyl Salicylate, · Ethyl trans-2-Butenoate, · Ethyl Valerate, · Ethyl Vanillin, · 2-Ethyl (or Methyl)-(3,5 and 6)-Methoxypyrazine, · 2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol, 3-Ethyl -2 -Hydroxy-2-Cyclopenten-1-One, · 2-Ethyl-3, (5 or 6)-Dimethylpyrazine, · 5-Ethyl-3-Hydroxy-4-Methyl-2(5H)-Furanone, · 2-Ethyl-3-Methylpyrazine, · 4-Ethylbenzaldehyde, · 4-Ethylguaiacol, · para-Ethylphenol, · 3-Ethylpyridine, · Eucalyptol, · Farnesol, · D-Fenchone, · Fennel Sweet Oil, · Fenugreek, Extract, Resin, and Absolute, · Fig Juice Concentrate, · Food Starch Modified, · Furfuryl Mercaptan, · 4-(2-Furyl)-3-Buten-2-One, · Galbanum Oil, · Genet Absolute, · Gentian Root Extract, · Geraniol, · Geranium Rose Oil, · Geranyl Acetate, · Geranyl Butyrate, · Geranyl Formate, · Geranyl Isovalerate, · Geranyl Phenylacetate, · Ginger Oil and Oleoresin, · 1-Glutamic Acid, · 1-Glutamine, · Glycerol, · Glycyrrhizin Ammoniated, · Grape Juice Concentrate, · Guaiac Wood Oil, · Guaiacol, · Guar Gum, · 2,4-Heptadienal, · gamma-Heptalactone, · Heptanoic Acid, · 2-Heptanone, · 3-Hepten-2-One, · 2-Hepten-4-One, · 4-Heptenal, · trans -2-Heptenal, · Heptyl Acetate, · omega-6-Hexadecenlactone, · gamma-Hexalactone, · Hexanal, · Hexanoic Acid, · 2-Hexen-1-Ol, · 3-Hexen-1-Ol, · cis-3-Hexen-1-Yl Acetate, · 2-Hexenal, · 3-Hexenoic Acid, · trans-2-Hexenoic Acid, · cis-3-Hexenyl Formate, · Hexyl 2-Methylbutyrate, · Hexyl Acetate, · Hexyl Alcohol, · Hexyl Phenylacetate, · 1-Histidine, · Honey, · Hops Oil, · Hydrolyzed Milk Solids, · Hydrolyzed Plant Proteins, · 5-Hydroxy-2,4-Decadienoic Acid delta- Lactone, · 4-Hydroxy-2,5-Dimethyl-3(2H)-Furanone, · 2-Hydroxy-3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-One, · 4-Hydroxy -3-Pentenoic Acid Lactone, · 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylbenzaldehyde, · 4-Hydroxybutanoic Acid Lactone, · Hydroxycitronellal, · 6-Hydroxydihydrotheaspirane, · 4-(para-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-Butanone, · Hyssop Oil, · Immortelle Absolute and Extract, · alpha-Ionone, · beta-Ionone, · alpha-Irone, · Isoamyl Acetate, · Isoamyl Benzoate, · Isoamyl Butyrate, · Isoamyl Cinnamate, · Isoamyl Formate, Isoamyl Hexanoate, · Isoamyl Isovalerate, · Isoamyl Octanoate, · Isoamyl Phenylacetate, · Isobornyl Acetate, · Isobutyl Acetate, · Isobutyl Alcohol, · Isobutyl Cinnamate, · Isobutyl Phenylacetate, · Isobutyl Salicylate, · 2-Isobutyl-3-Methoxypyrazine, · alpha-Isobutylphenethyl Alcohol, · Isobutyraldehyde, · Isobutyric Acid, · d,l-Isoleucine, · alpha-Isomethylionone, · 2-Isopropylphenol, · Isovaleric Acid, · Jasmine Absolute, Concrete and Oil, · Kola Nut Extract, · Labdanum Absolute and Oleoresin, · Lactic Acid, · Lauric Acid, · Lauric Aldehyde, · Lavandin Oil, · Lavender Oil, · Lemon Oil and Extract, · Lemongrass Oil, · 1-Leucine, · Levulinic Acid, · Licorice Root, Fluid, Extract and Powder, · Lime Oil , · Linalool, · Linalool Oxide, · Linalyl Acetate, · Linden Flowers, · Lovage Oil And Extract, · 1-Lysine, · Mace Powder, Extract and Oil , · Magnesium Carbonate, · Malic Acid, · Malt and Malt Extract, · Maltodextrin, · Maltol, · Maltyl Isobutyrate, · Mandarin Oil, · Maple Syrup and Concentrate, · Mate Leaf, Absolute and Oil, · para-Mentha-8-Thiol-3-One, · Menthol, · Menthone, · Menthyl Acetate, · dl-Methionine, · Methoprene, · 2-Methoxy-4-Methylphenol, · 2-Methoxy-4-Vinylphenol, · para-Methoxybenzaldehyde, · 1-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-1-Penten-3-One, · 4-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Butanone, · 1-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Propanone, · Methoxypyrazine, · Methyl 2-Furoate, · Methyl 2-Octynoate, · Methyl 2-Pyrrolyl Ketone, · Methyl Anisate, · Methyl Anthranilate, · Methyl Benzoate, · Methyl Cinnamate, · Methyl Dihydrojasmonate, · Methyl Ester of Rosin, Partially Hydrogenated, · Methyl Isovalerate, · Methyl Linoleate (48%), · Methyl Linolenate (52%) Mixture, · Methyl Naphthyl Ketone, · Methyl Nicotinate, · Methyl Phenylacetate, · Methyl Salicylate, · Methyl Sulfide, · 3-Methyl-1-Cyclopentadecanone, · 4-Methyl-1-Phenyl-2-Pentanone, · 5-Methyl-2-Phenyl-2-Hexenal, · 5-Methyl-2-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde, · 6-Methyl-3,-5-Heptadien-2-One, · 2-Methyl-3-(para-Isopropylphenyl) Propionaldehyde, · 5-Methyl-3-Hexen-2-One, · 1-Methyl-3Methoxy-4-Isopropylbenzene, · 4-Methyl-3-Pentene-2-One, · 2-Methyl-4-Phenylbutyraldehyde, · 6-Methyl-5-Hepten-2-One, · 4-Methyl-5-Thiazoleethanol, · 4-Methyl-5-Vinylthiazole, · Methyl-alpha-Ionone, · Methyl-trans-2-Butenoic Acid, · 4-Methylacetophenone, · para-Methylanisole, · alpha-Methylbenzyl Acetate, · alpha-Methylbenzyl Alcohol, · 2-Methylbutyraldehyde, · 3-Methylbutyraldehyde, · 2-Methylbutyric Acid, · alpha-Methylcinnamaldehyde, · Methylcyclopentenolone, · 2-Methylheptanoic Acid, · 2-Methylhexanoic Acid, · 3-Methylpentanoic Acid, · 4-Methylpentanoic Acid, · 2-Methylpyrazine, · 5-Methylquinoxaline, · 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-One * (Methylthio)Methylpyrazine (Mixture Of Isomers), · 3-Methylthiopropionaldehyde, · Methyl 3-Methylthiopropionate, · 2-Methylvaleric Acid, · Mimosa Absolute and Extract, · Molasses Extract and Tincture, · Mountain Maple Solid Extract, · Mullein Flowers, · Myristaldehyde, · Myristic Acid, · Myrrh Oil, · beta-Napthyl Ethyl Ether, · Nerol, · Neroli Bigarde Oil, · Nerolidol, · Nona-2-trans,6-cis-Dienal, · 2,6-Nonadien-1-Ol, · gamma-Nonalactone, · Nonanal, · Nonanoic Acid, · Nonanone, · trans-2-Nonen-1-Ol, · 2-Nonenal, · Nonyl Acetate, · Nutmeg Powder and Oil, · Oak Chips Extract and Oil, · Oak Moss Absolute, · 9,12-Octadecadienoic Acid (48%) And 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic Acid (52%), · delta-Octalactone, · gamma-Octalactone, · Octanal, · Octanoic Acid, · 1-Octanol, · 2-Octanone, · 3-Octen-2-One, · 1-Octen-3-Ol, · 1-Octen-3-Yl Acetate, · 2-Octenal, · Octyl Isobutyrate, · Oleic Acid , · Olibanum Oil, · Opoponax Oil And Gum, · Orange Blossoms Water, Absolute, and Leaf Absolute, · Orange Oil and Extract, · Origanum Oil, · Orris Concrete Oil and Root Extract, · Palmarosa Oil, · Palmitic Acid, · Parsley Seed Oil, · Patchouli Oil, · omega-Pentadecalactone, · 2,3-Pentanedione, · 2-Pentanone, · 4-Pentenoic Acid, · 2-Pentylpyridine, · Pepper Oil, Black And White, · Peppermint Oil, · Peruvian (Bois De Rose) Oil, · Petitgrain Absolute, Mandarin Oil and Terpeneless Oil, · alpha-Phellandrene, · 2-Phenenthyl Acetate, · Phenenthyl Alcohol, · Phenethyl Butyrate, · Phenethyl Cinnamate, · Phenethyl Isobutyrate, · Phenethyl Isovalerate, · Phenethyl Phenylacetate, · Phenethyl Salicylate, · 1-Phenyl-1-Propanol, · 3-Phenyl-1-Propanol, · 2-Phenyl-2-Butenal, · 4-Phenyl-3-Buten-2-Ol, · 4-Phenyl-3-Buten-2-One, · Phenylacetaldehyde, · Phenylacetic Acid, · 1-Phenylalanine, · 3-Phenylpropionaldehyde, · 3-Phenylpropionic Acid, · 3-Phenylpropyl Acetate, · 3-Phenylpropyl Cinnamate, · 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)Tetrahydrofuran, · Phosphoric Acid, · Pimenta Leaf Oil, · Pine Needle Oil, Pine Oil, Scotch, · Pineapple Juice Concentrate, · alpha-Pinene, beta-Pinene, · D-Piperitone, · Piperonal, · Pipsissewa Leaf Extract, · Plum Juice, · Potassium Sorbate, · 1-Proline, · Propenylguaethol, · Propionic Acid, · Propyl Acetate, · Propyl para-Hydroxybenzoate, · Propylene Glycol, · 3-Propylidenephthalide, · Prune Juice and Concentrate, · Pyridine, · Pyroligneous Acid And Extract, * * Pyrrole, * Pyruvic Acid, * Raisin Juice Concentrate, * Rhodinol, * Rose Absolute and Oil, * Rosemary Oil, * Rum, * Rum Ether, * Rye Extract, * Sage, Sage Oil, and Sage Oleoresin, * Salicylaldehyde, * Sandalwood Oil, Yellow, * Sclareolide, * Skatole, * Smoke Flavor, * Snakeroot Oil, * Sodium Acetate, * Sodium Benzoate, * Sodium Bicarbonate, * Sodium Carbonate, * Sodium Chloride, * Sodium Citrate, * Sodium Hydroxide, * Solanone, * Spearmint Oil, * Styrax Extract, Gum and Oil, * Sucrose Octaacetate, * Sugar Alcohols, * Sugars, * Tagetes Oil, * Tannic Acid, * Tartaric Acid, * Tea Leaf and Absolute, * alpha-Terpineol, * Terpinolene, * Terpinyl Acetate, * 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinoxaline, * 1,5,5,9-Tetramethyl-13-Oxatricyclo(8.3.0.0(4,9))Tridecane, * 2,3,4,5, and 3,4,5,6-Tetramethylethyl-Cyclohexanone, * 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine, * Thiamine Hydrochloride, * Thiazole, * 1-Threonine, * Thyme Oil, White and Red, * Thymol, * Tobacco Extracts, * Tochopherols (mixed), * Tolu Balsam Gum and Extract, * Tolualdehydes, * para-Tolyl 3-Methylbutyrate, * para-Tolyl Acetaldehyde, * para-Tolyl Acetate, * para-Tolyl Isobutyrate, * para-Tolyl Phenylacetate, * Triacetin, * 2-Tridecanone, * 2-Tridecenal, * Triethyl Citrate, * 3,5,5-Trimethyl -1-Hexanol, * para,alpha,alpha-Trimethylbenzyl Alcohol, * 4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-1-Enyl)But-2-En-4-One, * 2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-2-Ene-1,4-Dione, * 2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-Dienyl Methan, * 4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-Dienyl)But-2-En-4-One, * 2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexanone, * 2,3,5-Trimethylpyrazine, * 1-Tyrosine, * delta-Undercalactone, * gamma-Undecalactone, * Undecanal, * 2-Undecanone, 1 * 0-Undecenal, * Urea, * Valencene, * Valeraldehyde, * Valerian Root Extract, Oil and Powder, * Valeric Acid, * gamma-Valerolactone, * Valine, * Vanilla Extract And Oleoresin, * Vanillin, * Veratraldehyde, * Vetiver Oil, * Vinegar, * Violet Leaf Absolute, * Walnut Hull Extract, * Water, * Wheat Extract And Flour, * Wild Cherry Bark Extract, * Wine and Wine Sherry, * Xanthan Gum, * 3,4-Xylenol, * Yeast Benzene 2-Napthylamine 4-Aminobiphenyl Nickel Polonium 210 (radioactive) Nitrogen oxides N-Nitrosodimethylamine N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine 1,3-Butadiene Analine Formaldehyde Hydrazine N-Nitrodiethanolamine Cadmium Benzo[a]pyrene Benz[a]anthracene Y-Butyrolactone Particulate matter N-Nitrosonornicotine NNK Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Carbonyl sulfide Toluene Acrolein Acetone Pyridine 3-Methylpyridine 3-Vinylpyridine Hydrogen cyanide Ammonia Methylamine Dimethylamine Nicotine Anatabine Phenol Catechol Hydorquinone Cholesterol Quinoline Harman Zinc Benzoic acid Lactic acid Glycolic acid Succinic acit PCDDs and PCDFs (Dioxins, Dibenzofurans) Formic acid Acetic acid Methyl chloride Dimethylnitrosamine Ethylmethylnitrosamine Nitrosopyrrolidine Hydrazine Vinyl Chloride Urethane Formaldehyde Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen Cyanide Acrolein Acetadehyde Nitrogen oxides Ammonia Pyridine Nitric acid Mathylamine Hydrogen cyanide Indole 3-hydroxypyridine 3-vinylpyridine Acetone Acetonitrile Acrolein 1,3-Butadiene, mg Nitrous acid isoquioline Isoamylamine 3-Cyanopyridine Carbonyls Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Acrolein, Propionaldehyde, Crotonaldehyde, Methyl-Ethyl-Ketone, Butyraldehyde Phenolics Hydroquinone, Resorcinol, Catechol, Phenol, Cresol (m+p and o) Benzo[a]pyrene BaP (HPLC) Aromatic Amines 3- and 4-aminobiphenyl, 1- and 2- aminonapthlene, o-toluidine, o-anisidine Oxides of Nitrogen NO, NOx Hydrogen Cyanide HCN (gas and particulate phases) Ammonia NH3 by ion chromatography Volatiles Benzene, Toluene, 1,3-butadiene, Isoprene, Acrylonitrile Semi-Volatiles Pyridine, Quinoline, Styrene Trace Metals Nickel (Ni) Cadmium (Cd) Lead (Pb) Chromium (Cr) Arsenic (As) Selenium (Se) Mercury Mercury (Hg) Smoke pH Integrated Puff Profile Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) N-Nitrosoanabasine (NAB) N-Nitrosoanatabine (NAT) 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) Volatile Nitrosamines N,N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) N,N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) N,N-Nitrosoethylmethylamine (NEMA) N,N-Nitrosodipropylamine (NDPA) N,N-Nitrosodibuthylamine (NDBA) N-Nitrosopiperidine (NPIP) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Naphthalene 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-methylnaphthalene Acenaphthylene Acenaphthene Fluorene Phenanthrene Anthracene Fluoranthene Pyrene Benzo(a)anthracene Chrysene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Benzo(j)fluoranthene Benzo(g,h,l)perylene Benzo(e)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene Perylene Indeno(1,2,3,-cd)pyrene Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Dibenz(a,j)acridine Dibenz(a,h)acridine Dibenz(a,e)pyrene Dibenz(a,h)pyrene Dibenz(a,i)pyrene Dibenz(a,l)pyrene 7H-Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines 2-Amino-3-methylimidaszo(4,5-f)quinoline (IQ) 2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline (MeIQ) 2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (MeAaC) 2-Amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (AaC) 1-Methyl-9H-pyridol(3,4-b)indole (Harman) 9H-Pyrido(3,4-b)indole (Norharman) Nitrogen 280-320 mg (56-64%b) Oxygen 50-70 mg (11-14%b) Carbon dioxide 45-65 mg (9-13%b) Carbon monoxide 14-23 mg (2.8-4.6%b) Water 7-12 mg (1.4-2.4%b) Argon 5mg (1.0%b) Hydrogen 0.5-1.0 mg Ammonia 10-130 μg Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 100-600 μg Hydrogen cyanide 400-500 μg Hydrogen sulfide 20-90 μg Methane 1.0-2.0 mg Other volatile alkanes (20) 1.0-.16 mgc Volatile alkenes (16) 0.4-0.5mg Isoprene 0.2-0.4mg Butadiene 25-40μg Acetylene 20-35μg Benzene 12-50μg Toluene 20-60μg Styrene 10μg Other volatile aromatic hydrocarbons (29) 15-30μg Formic acid 200-600 μg Acetic acid 300-1,700 μg Propionic acid 100-300 μg Methyl formate 20-30 μg Other volatile acids (6) 5-10 μgc Formaldehyde 20-100 μg Acetaldehyde 400-1,400 μg Acrolein 60-140 μg Other volatile aldehydes (6) Acetone Other volatile ketones (3) Methanol Other volatile alcohols (7) Acetonitrile Other volatile nitriles (I0) Furan Other volatile furans (4) Pyridine Picolines (3) 3-Vinylpyridine Other volatile pyridines (25) Pyrrole Pyrrolidine N-Methylpyrrolidine Volatile pyrazines (18) Methylamine Other aliphatic amines (32) Nornicotine Anatabine Anabasine Other tobacco alkaloids (17) Bipyridyls (4) n-Hentriacontane (n-C31H64) Total nonvolatile hydrocarbons (45)b Naphthalene Other naphthalenes (23) Phenanthrenes (7) Anthracenes (5) Fluorenes (7) Pyrenes (6) Fluoranthenes (5) Carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (11)c Phenol Other phenols (45)b Catechol Other catechols (4) Other dihydroxybenzenes (10) Scopoletin Other polyphenols (8)b Cyclotenes (10)b Quinones (7) Solanesol Neophytadienes (4) 200-350 Limonene 30-60 Other terpenes (200-250)b NA Palmitic acid 100-150 Stearic acid 50-75 Oleic acid 40-110 Linoleic acid 60-150 Linolenic acid 150-250 Lactic acid 60-80 Indole 10-15 Skatole 12-16 Other indoles (13) NA Quinolines (7) 2-4 Other N-heterocyclic hydrocarbons (55) NA Benzofurans (4) 200-300 Other O-heterocyclic hydrocarbons (42) NA Stigmasterol 40-70 Sitosterol 30-40 Campesterol 20-30 Cholesterol 10-20 Aniline 0.36 Toluidines 0.23 Other aromatic amines (12) 0.25 Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (4)c 0.34-2.7 Glycerol PAH Benz(a)anthracene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(j)fluoranthene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Benzo(a)pyrene Chrysene Dibenz(a,h)anthracene Dibenzo(a,1)pyrene Dibenzo(a,1)pyrene Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene 5-Methylchrysene Aza-arenes Quinoline Dibenz(a,h)acridine Dibenz(aj)acridine 7H-Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole N-Nitrosamines N-Nitrosodimethylamine N-Nitrosoethyl methylamine N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine N-Nitrosodiethanolamine N’-Nitrosonomicotine 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1- (3-pyridyl)-1-butanone N’-Nitrosoanabasine N-Nitrosomorpholine 2-Toluidine 2-Naphthylamine 4-Aminobiphenyl Aldehydes Formaldehydea Acetaldehydea Crotonaldehyde Miscellaneous organic compounds Benzene Acrylonitrile 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 2-Nitropropane Ethylcarbamate Vinylchloride Inorganic compounds Hydrazine Arsenic Nickel Chromium Cadmium Lead Polonium-210 Asbestos Plutonium
List #2
Acetanisole, · Acetic Acid, · Acetoin, · Acetophenone, · 6-Acetoxydihydrotheaspirane, · 2-Acetyl-3- Ethylpyrazine, · 2-Acetyl-5-Methylfuran, · Acetylpyrazine, · 2-Acetylpyridine, · 3-Acetylpyridine, · 2-Acetylthiazole, · Aconitic Acid, · dl-Alanine, · Alfalfa Extract, · Allspice Extract, · Oleoresin, · And Oil, · Allyl Hexanoate, · Allyl Ionone, · Almond Bitter Oil, · Ambergris Tincture, · Ammonia, · Ammonium Bicarbonate, · Ammonium Hydroxide, · Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic, · Ammonium Sulfide, · Amyl Alcohol, · Amyl Butyrate, · Amyl Formate, · Amyl Octanoate, · alpha-Amylcinnamaldehyde, · Amyris Oil, · trans-Anethole, · Angelica Root Extract, Oil and Seed Oil, · Anise, · Anise Star, Extract and Oils, · Anisyl Acetate, · Anisyl Alcohol, · Anisyl Formate, · Anisyl Phenylacetate, · Apple Juice Concentrate, Extract, and Skins, · Apricot Extract and Juice Concentrate, · 1-Arginine, · Asafetida Fluid Extract And Oil, · Ascorbic Acid, · 1-Asparagine Monohydrate, · 1-Aspartic Acid, · Balsam Peru and Oil, · Basil Oil, · Bay Leaf, Oil and Sweet Oil, · Beeswax White, · Beet Juice Concentrate, · Benzaldehyde, · Benzaldehyde Glyceryl Acetal, · Benzoic Acid, Benzoin, · Benzoin Resin, · Benzophenone, · Benzyl Alcohol, · Benzyl Benzoate, · Benzyl Butyrate, · Benzyl Cinnamate, · Benzyl Propionate, · Benzyl Salicylate, · Bergamot Oil, · Bisabolene, · Black Currant Buds Absolute, · Borneol, · Bornyl Acetate, · Buchu Leaf Oil, · 1,3-Butanediol, · 2,3-Butanedione, · 1-Butanol, · 2-Butanone, · 4(2-Butenylidene)-3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-One, · Butter, Butter Esters, and Butter Oil, · Butyl Acetate, · Butyl Butyrate, · Butyl Butyryl Lactate, · Butyl Isovalerate, · Butyl Phenylacetate, · Butyl Undecylenate, · 3-Butylidenephthalide, · Butyric Acid, · Cadinene, · Caffeine, · Calcium Carbonate, · Camphene, · Cananga Oil, · Capsicum Oleoresin, · Caramel Color, · Caraway Oil, · Carbon Dioxide, · Cardamom Oleoresin, Extract, Seed Oil, and Powder, · Carob Bean and Extract, · beta-Carotene, · Carrot Oil, · Carvacrol, · 4-Carvomenthenol, · 1-Carvone, · beta-Caryophyllene, · beta-Caryophyllene Oxide, · Cascarilla Oil and Bark Extract, · Cassia Bark Oil, · Cassie Absolute and Oil, · Castoreum Extract, Tincture and Absolute, · Cedar Leaf Oil, · Cedarwood Oil Terpenes and Virginiana, · Cedrol, · Celery Seed Extract, Solid, Oil, And Oleoresin, · Cellulose Fiber, · Chamomile Flower Oil And Extract, · Chicory Extract, · Chocolate, · Cinnamaldehyde, · Cinnamic Acid, · Cinnamon Leaf Oil, Bark Oil, and Extract, · Cinnamyl Acetate, · Cinnamyl Alcohol, · Cinnamyl Cinnamate, · Cinnamyl Isovalerate, · Cinnamyl Propionate, · Citral, · Citric Acid, · Citronella Oil, · dl-Citronellol, · Citronellyl Butyrate, · Citronellyl Isobutyrate, · Civet Absolute, · Clary Oil, · Clover Tops, Red Solid Extract, · Cocoa, · Cocoa Shells, Extract, Distillate And Powder, · Coconut Oil, · Coffee, · Cognac White and Green Oil, · Copaiba Oil, · Coriander Extract and Oil, · Corn Oil, · Corn Silk, · Costus Root Oil, · Cubeb Oil, · Cuminaldehyde, · para-Cymene, · 1-Cysteine, · Dandelion Root Solid Extract, · Davana Oil, · 2-trans, 4-trans-Decadienal, · delta-Decalactone, · gamma-Decalactone, · Decanal, · Decanoic Acid, · 1-Decanol, · 2-Decenal, · Dehydromenthofurolactone, · Diethyl Malonate, · Diethyl Sebacate, · 2,3-Diethylpyrazine, · Dihydro Anethole, · 5,7-Dihydro-2-Methylthieno(3,4-D) Pyrimidine, · Dill Seed Oil and Extract, · meta-Dimethoxybenzene, · para-Dimethoxybenzene, · 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol, · Dimethyl Succinate, · 3,4-Dimethyl-1,2-Cyclopentanedione, · 3,5- Dimethyl-1,2-Cyclopentanedione, · 3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-Octatriene, · 4,5-Dimethyl-3-Hydroxy-2,5-Dihydrofuran-2-One, · 6,10-Dimethyl-5,9-Undecadien-2-One, · 3,7-Dimethyl-6-Octenoic Acid, · 2,4-Dimethylacetophenone, · alpha,para-Dimethylbenzyl Alcohol, · alpha,alpha-Dimethylphenethyl Acetate, · alpha,alpha Dimethylphenethyl Butyrate, · 2,3-Dimethylpyrazine, · 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine, · 2,6-Dimethylpyrazine, · Dimethyltetrahydrobenzofuranone, · delta-Dodecalactone, · gamma-Dodecalactone, · para-Ethoxybenzaldehyde, · Ethyl 10-Undecenoate, · Ethyl 2-Methylbutyrate, · Ethyl Acetate, · Ethyl Acetoacetate, · Ethyl Alcohol, · Ethyl Benzoate, · Ethyl Butyrate, · Ethyl Cinnamate, · Ethyl Decanoate, · Ethyl Fenchol, · Ethyl Furoate, · Ethyl Heptanoate, · Ethyl Hexanoate, · Ethyl Isovalerate, · Ethyl Lactate, · Ethyl Laurate, · Ethyl Levulinate, · Ethyl Maltol, · Ethyl Methyl Phenylglycidate, · Ethyl Myristate, · Ethyl Nonanoate, · Ethyl Octadecanoate, · Ethyl Octanoate, · Ethyl Oleate, · Ethyl Palmitate, · Ethyl Phenylacetate, · Ethyl Propionate, · Ethyl Salicylate, · Ethyl trans-2-Butenoate, · Ethyl Valerate, · Ethyl Vanillin, · 2-Ethyl (or Methyl)-(3,5 and 6)-Methoxypyrazine, · 2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol, 3-Ethyl -2 -Hydroxy-2-Cyclopenten-1-One, · 2-Ethyl-3, (5 or 6)-Dimethylpyrazine, · 5-Ethyl-3-Hydroxy-4-Methyl-2(5H)-Furanone, · 2-Ethyl-3-Methylpyrazine, · 4-Ethylbenzaldehyde, · 4-Ethylguaiacol, · para-Ethylphenol, · 3-Ethylpyridine, · Eucalyptol, · Farnesol, · D-Fenchone, · Fennel Sweet Oil, · Fenugreek, Extract, Resin, and Absolute, · Fig Juice Concentrate, · Food Starch Modified, · Furfuryl Mercaptan, · 4-(2-Furyl)-3-Buten-2-One, · Galbanum Oil, · Genet Absolute, · Gentian Root Extract, · Geraniol, · Geranium Rose Oil, · Geranyl Acetate, · Geranyl Butyrate, · Geranyl Formate, · Geranyl Isovalerate, · Geranyl Phenylacetate, · Ginger Oil and Oleoresin, · 1-Glutamic Acid, · 1-Glutamine, · Glycerol, · Glycyrrhizin Ammoniated, · Grape Juice Concentrate, · Guaiac Wood Oil, · Guaiacol, · Guar Gum, · 2,4-Heptadienal, · gamma-Heptalactone, · Heptanoic Acid, · 2-Heptanone, · 3-Hepten-2-One, · 2-Hepten-4-One, · 4-Heptenal, · trans -2-Heptenal, · Heptyl Acetate, · omega-6-Hexadecenlactone, · gamma-Hexalactone, · Hexanal, · Hexanoic Acid, · 2-Hexen-1-Ol, · 3-Hexen-1-Ol, · cis-3-Hexen-1-Yl Acetate, · 2-Hexenal, · 3-Hexenoic Acid, · trans-2-Hexenoic Acid, · cis-3-Hexenyl Formate, · Hexyl 2-Methylbutyrate, · Hexyl Acetate, · Hexyl Alcohol, · Hexyl Phenylacetate, · 1-Histidine, · Honey, · Hops Oil, · Hydrolyzed Milk Solids, · Hydrolyzed Plant Proteins, · 5-Hydroxy-2,4-Decadienoic Acid delta- Lactone, · 4-Hydroxy-2,5-Dimethyl-3(2H)-Furanone, · 2-Hydroxy-3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-One, · 4-Hydroxy -3-Pentenoic Acid Lactone, · 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylbenzaldehyde, · 4-Hydroxybutanoic Acid Lactone, · Hydroxycitronellal, · 6-Hydroxydihydrotheaspirane, · 4-(para-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-Butanone, · Hyssop Oil, · Immortelle Absolute and Extract, · alpha-Ionone, · beta-Ionone, · alpha-Irone, · Isoamyl Acetate, · Isoamyl Benzoate, · Isoamyl Butyrate, · Isoamyl Cinnamate, · Isoamyl Formate, Isoamyl Hexanoate, · Isoamyl Isovalerate, · Isoamyl Octanoate, · Isoamyl Phenylacetate, · Isobornyl Acetate, · Isobutyl Acetate, · Isobutyl Alcohol, · Isobutyl Cinnamate, · Isobutyl Phenylacetate, · Isobutyl Salicylate, · 2-Isobutyl-3-Methoxypyrazine, · alpha-Isobutylphenethyl Alcohol, · Isobutyraldehyde, · Isobutyric Acid, · d,l-Isoleucine, · alpha-Isomethylionone, · 2-Isopropylphenol, · Isovaleric Acid, · Jasmine Absolute, Concrete and Oil, · Kola Nut Extract, · Labdanum Absolute and Oleoresin, · Lactic Acid, · Lauric Acid, · Lauric Aldehyde, · Lavandin Oil, · Lavender Oil, · Lemon Oil and Extract, · Lemongrass Oil, · 1-Leucine, · Levulinic Acid, · Licorice Root, Fluid, Extract and Powder, · Lime Oil , · Linalool, · Linalool Oxide, · Linalyl Acetate, · Linden Flowers, · Lovage Oil And Extract, · 1-Lysine, · Mace Powder, Extract and Oil , · Magnesium Carbonate, · Malic Acid, · Malt and Malt Extract, · Maltodextrin, · Maltol, · Maltyl Isobutyrate, · Mandarin Oil, · Maple Syrup and Concentrate, · Mate Leaf, Absolute and Oil, · para-Mentha-8-Thiol-3-One, · Menthol, · Menthone, · Menthyl Acetate, · dl-Methionine, · Methoprene, · 2-Methoxy-4-Methylphenol, · 2-Methoxy-4-Vinylphenol, · para-Methoxybenzaldehyde, · 1-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-1-Penten-3-One, · 4-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Butanone, · 1-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Propanone, · Methoxypyrazine, · Methyl 2-Furoate, · Methyl 2-Octynoate, · Methyl 2-Pyrrolyl Ketone, · Methyl Anisate, · Methyl Anthranilate, · Methyl Benzoate, · Methyl Cinnamate, · Methyl Dihydrojasmonate, · Methyl Ester of Rosin, Partially Hydrogenated, · Methyl Isovalerate, · Methyl Linoleate (48%), · Methyl Linolenate (52%) Mixture, · Methyl Naphthyl Ketone, · Methyl Nicotinate, · Methyl Phenylacetate, · Methyl Salicylate, · Methyl Sulfide, · 3-Methyl-1-Cyclopentadecanone, · 4-Methyl-1-Phenyl-2-Pentanone, · 5-Methyl-2-Phenyl-2-Hexenal, · 5-Methyl-2-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde, · 6-Methyl-3,-5-Heptadien-2-One, · 2-Methyl-3-(para-Isopropylphenyl) Propionaldehyde, · 5-Methyl-3-Hexen-2-One, · 1-Methyl-3Methoxy-4-Isopropylbenzene, · 4-Methyl-3-Pentene-2-One, · 2-Methyl-4-Phenylbutyraldehyde, · 6-Methyl-5-Hepten-2-One, · 4-Methyl-5-Thiazoleethanol, · 4-Methyl-5-Vinylthiazole, · Methyl-alpha-Ionone, · Methyl-trans-2-Butenoic Acid, · 4-Methylacetophenone, · para-Methylanisole, · alpha-Methylbenzyl Acetate, · alpha-Methylbenzyl Alcohol, · 2-Methylbutyraldehyde, · 3-Methylbutyraldehyde, · 2-Methylbutyric Acid, · alpha-Methylcinnamaldehyde, · Methylcyclopentenolone, · 2-Methylheptanoic Acid, · 2-Methylhexanoic Acid, · 3-Methylpentanoic Acid, · 4-Methylpentanoic Acid, · 2-Methylpyrazine, · 5-Methylquinoxaline, · 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-One * (Methylthio)Methylpyrazine (Mixture Of Isomers), · 3-Methylthiopropionaldehyde, · Methyl 3-Methylthiopropionate, · 2-Methylvaleric Acid, · Mimosa Absolute and Extract, · Molasses Extract and Tincture, · Mountain Maple Solid Extract, · Mullein Flowers, · Myristaldehyde, · Myristic Acid, · Myrrh Oil, · beta-Napthyl Ethyl Ether, · Nerol, · Neroli Bigarde Oil, · Nerolidol, · Nona-2-trans,6-cis-Dienal, · 2,6-Nonadien-1-Ol, · gamma-Nonalactone, · Nonanal, · Nonanoic Acid, · Nonanone, · trans-2-Nonen-1-Ol, · 2-Nonenal, · Nonyl Acetate, · Nutmeg Powder and Oil, · Oak Chips Extract and Oil, · Oak Moss Absolute, · 9,12-Octadecadienoic Acid (48%) And 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic Acid (52%), · delta-Octalactone, · gamma-Octalactone, · Octanal, · Octanoic Acid, · 1-Octanol, · 2-Octanone, · 3-Octen-2-One, · 1-Octen-3-Ol, · 1-Octen-3-Yl Acetate, · 2-Octenal, · Octyl Isobutyrate, · Oleic Acid , · Olibanum Oil, · Opoponax Oil And Gum, · Orange Blossoms Water, Absolute, and Leaf Absolute, · Orange Oil and Extract, · Origanum Oil, · Orris Concrete Oil and Root Extract, · Palmarosa Oil, · Palmitic Acid, · Parsley Seed Oil, · Patchouli Oil, · omega-Pentadecalactone, · 2,3-Pentanedione, · 2-Pentanone, · 4-Pentenoic Acid, · 2-Pentylpyridine, · Pepper Oil, Black And White, · Peppermint Oil, · Peruvian (Bois De Rose) Oil, · Petitgrain Absolute, Mandarin Oil and Terpeneless Oil, · alpha-Phellandrene, · 2-Phenenthyl Acetate, · Phenenthyl Alcohol, · Phenethyl Butyrate, · Phenethyl Cinnamate, · Phenethyl Isobutyrate, · Phenethyl Isovalerate, · Phenethyl Phenylacetate, · Phenethyl Salicylate, · 1-Phenyl-1-Propanol, · 3-Phenyl-1-Propanol, · 2-Phenyl-2-Butenal, · 4-Phenyl-3-Buten-2-Ol, · 4-Phenyl-3-Buten-2-One, · Phenylacetaldehyde, · Phenylacetic Acid, · 1-Phenylalanine, · 3-Phenylpropionaldehyde, · 3-Phenylpropionic Acid, · 3-Phenylpropyl Acetate, · 3-Phenylpropyl Cinnamate, · 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)Tetrahydrofuran, · Phosphoric Acid, · Pimenta Leaf Oil, · Pine Needle Oil, Pine Oil, Scotch, · Pineapple Juice Concentrate, · alpha-Pinene, beta-Pinene, · D-Piperitone, · Piperonal, · Pipsissewa Leaf Extract, · Plum Juice, · Potassium Sorbate, · 1-Proline, · Propenylguaethol, · Propionic Acid, · Propyl Acetate, · Propyl para-Hydroxybenzoate, · Propylene Glycol, · 3-Propylidenephthalide, · Prune Juice and Concentrate, · Pyridine, · Pyroligneous Acid And Extract, * * Pyrrole, * Pyruvic Acid, * Raisin Juice Concentrate, * Rhodinol, * Rose Absolute and Oil, * Rosemary Oil, * Rum, * Rum Ether, * Rye Extract, * Sage, Sage Oil, and Sage Oleoresin, * Salicylaldehyde, * Sandalwood Oil, Yellow, * Sclareolide, * Skatole, * Smoke Flavor, * Snakeroot Oil, * Sodium Acetate, * Sodium Benzoate, * Sodium Bicarbonate, * Sodium Carbonate, * Sodium Chloride, * Sodium Citrate, * Sodium Hydroxide, * Solanone, * Spearmint Oil, * Styrax Extract, Gum and Oil, * Sucrose Octaacetate, * Sugar Alcohols, * Sugars, * Tagetes Oil, * Tannic Acid, * Tartaric Acid, * Tea Leaf and Absolute, * alpha-Terpineol, * Terpinolene, * Terpinyl Acetate, * 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinoxaline, * 1,5,5,9-Tetramethyl-13-Oxatricyclo(8.3.0.0(4,9))Tridecane, * 2,3,4,5, and 3,4,5,6-Tetramethylethyl-Cyclohexanone, * 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine, * Thiamine Hydrochloride, * Thiazole, * 1-Threonine, * Thyme Oil, White and Red, * Thymol, * Tobacco Extracts, * Tochopherols (mixed), * Tolu Balsam Gum and Extract, * Tolualdehydes, * para-Tolyl 3-Methylbutyrate, * para-Tolyl Acetaldehyde, * para-Tolyl Acetate, * para-Tolyl Isobutyrate, * para-Tolyl Phenylacetate, * Triacetin, * 2-Tridecanone, * 2-Tridecenal, * Triethyl Citrate, * 3,5,5-Trimethyl -1-Hexanol, * para,alpha,alpha-Trimethylbenzyl Alcohol, * 4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-1-Enyl)But-2-En-4-One, * 2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-2-Ene-1,4-Dione, * 2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-Dienyl Methan, * 4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-Dienyl)But-2-En-4-One, * 2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexanone, * 2,3,5-Trimethylpyrazine, * 1-Tyrosine, * delta-Undercalactone, * gamma-Undecalactone, * Undecanal, * 2-Undecanone, 1 * 0-Undecenal, * Urea, * Valencene, * Valeraldehyde, * Valerian Root Extract, Oil and Powder, * Valeric Acid, * gamma-Valerolactone, * Valine, * Vanilla Extract And Oleoresin, * Vanillin, * Veratraldehyde, * Vetiver Oil, * Vinegar, * Violet Leaf Absolute, * Walnut Hull Extract, * Water, * Wheat Extract And Flour, * Wild Cherry Bark Extract, * Wine and Wine Sherry, * Xanthan Gum, * 3,4-Xylenol, * Yeast Benzene 2-Napthylamine 4-Aminobiphenyl Nickel Polonium 210 (radioactive) Nitrogen oxides N-Nitrosodimethylamine N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine 1,3-Butadiene Analine Formaldehyde Hydrazine N-Nitrodiethanolamine Cadmium Benzo[a]pyrene Benz[a]anthracene Y-Butyrolactone Particulate matter N-Nitrosonornicotine NNK Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Carbonyl sulfide Toluene Acrolein Acetone Pyridine 3-Methylpyridine 3-Vinylpyridine Hydrogen cyanide Ammonia Methylamine Dimethylamine Nicotine Anatabine Phenol Catechol Hydorquinone Cholesterol Quinoline Harman Zinc Benzoic acid Lactic acid Glycolic acid Succinic acit PCDDs and PCDFs (Dioxins, Dibenzofurans) Formic acid Acetic acid Methyl chloride Dimethylnitrosamine Ethylmethylnitrosamine Nitrosopyrrolidine Hydrazine Vinyl Chloride Urethane Formaldehyde Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen Cyanide Acrolein Acetadehyde Nitrogen oxides Ammonia Pyridine Nitric acid Mathylamine Hydrogen cyanide Indole 3-hydroxypyridine 3-vinylpyridine Acetone Acetonitrile Acrolein 1,3-Butadiene, mg Nitrous acid isoquioline Isoamylamine 3-Cyanopyridine Carbonyls Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Acrolein, Propionaldehyde, Crotonaldehyde, Methyl-Ethyl-Ketone, Butyraldehyde Phenolics Hydroquinone, Resorcinol, Catechol, Phenol, Cresol (m+p and o) Benzo[a]pyrene BaP (HPLC) Aromatic Amines 3- and 4-aminobiphenyl, 1- and 2- aminonapthlene, o-toluidine, o-anisidine Oxides of Nitrogen NO, NOx Hydrogen Cyanide HCN (gas and particulate phases) Ammonia NH3 by ion chromatography Volatiles Benzene, Toluene, 1,3-butadiene, Isoprene, Acrylonitrile Semi-Volatiles Pyridine, Quinoline, Styrene Trace Metals Nickel (Ni) Cadmium (Cd) Lead (Pb) Chromium (Cr) Arsenic (As) Selenium (Se) Mercury Mercury (Hg) Smoke pH Integrated Puff Profile Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) N-Nitrosoanabasine (NAB) N-Nitrosoanatabine (NAT) 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) Volatile Nitrosamines N,N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) N,N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) N,N-Nitrosoethylmethylamine (NEMA) N,N-Nitrosodipropylamine (NDPA) N,N-Nitrosodibuthylamine (NDBA) N-Nitrosopiperidine (NPIP) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Naphthalene 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-methylnaphthalene Acenaphthylene Acenaphthene Fluorene Phenanthrene Anthracene Fluoranthene Pyrene Benzo(a)anthracene Chrysene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Benzo(j)fluoranthene Benzo(g,h,l)perylene Benzo(e)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene Perylene Indeno(1,2,3,-cd)pyrene Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Dibenz(a,j)acridine Dibenz(a,h)acridine Dibenz(a,e)pyrene Dibenz(a,h)pyrene Dibenz(a,i)pyrene Dibenz(a,l)pyrene 7H-Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines 2-Amino-3-methylimidaszo(4,5-f)quinoline (IQ) 2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline (MeIQ) 2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (MeAaC) 2-Amino-9H-pyrido(2,3-b)indole (AaC) 1-Methyl-9H-pyridol(3,4-b)indole (Harman) 9H-Pyrido(3,4-b)indole (Norharman) Nitrogen 280-320 mg (56-64%b) Oxygen 50-70 mg (11-14%b) Carbon dioxide 45-65 mg (9-13%b) Carbon monoxide 14-23 mg (2.8-4.6%b) Water 7-12 mg (1.4-2.4%b) Argon 5mg (1.0%b) Hydrogen 0.5-1.0 mg Ammonia 10-130 μg Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 100-600 μg Hydrogen cyanide 400-500 μg Hydrogen sulfide 20-90 μg Methane 1.0-2.0 mg Other volatile alkanes (20) 1.0-.16 mgc Volatile alkenes (16) 0.4-0.5mg Isoprene 0.2-0.4mg Butadiene 25-40μg Acetylene 20-35μg Benzene 12-50μg Toluene 20-60μg Styrene 10μg Other volatile aromatic hydrocarbons (29) 15-30μg Acetic acid 300-1,700 μg Propionic acid 100-300 μg Methyl formate 20-30 μg Other volatile acids (6) 5-10 μgc Formaldehyde 20-100 μg Acetaldehyde 400-1,400 μg Acetone Other volatile ketones (3) Methanol Other volatile alcohols (7) Acetonitrile Other volatile nitriles (I0) Furan Other volatile furans (4) Pyridine Picolines (3) 3-Vinylpyridine Other volatile pyridines (25) Pyrrole Pyrrolidine N-Methylpyrrolidine Volatile pyrazines (18) Methylamine Other aliphatic amines (32) Nornicotine Anatabine Anabasine Other tobacco alkaloids (17) Bipyridyls (4) n-Hentriacontane (n-C31H64) Total nonvolatile hydrocarbons (45)b Naphthalene Other naphthalenes (23) Phenanthrenes (7) Palmitic acid 100-150 Stearic acid 50-75 Oleic acid 40-110 Linoleic acid 60-150 Linolenic acid 150-250 Lactic acid 60-80 Indole 10-15 Skatole 12-16 Other indoles (13) NA Quinolines (7) 2-4 Other N-heterocyclic hydrocarbons (55) NA Benzofurans (4) 200-300 Other O-heterocyclic hydrocarbons (42) NA Stigmasterol 40-70 Sitosterol 30-40 Campesterol 20-30 Cholesterol 10-20 Aniline 0.36 Toluidines 0.23 Other aromatic amines (12) 0.25 Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (4)c 0.34-2.7 Glycerol PAH Benz(a)anthracene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(j)fluoranthene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Benzo(a)pyrene Chrysene Dibenz(a,h)anthracene Dibenzo(a,1)pyrene Dibenzo(a,1)pyrene Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene 5-Methylchrysene Aza-arenes Quinoline Dibenz(a,h)acridine Dibenz(aj)acridine 7H-Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole N-Nitrosamines N-Nitrosodimethylamine N-Nitrosoethyl methylamine N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine N-Nitrosodiethanolamine N’-Nitrosonomicotine 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1- (3-pyridyl)-1-butanone N’-Nitrosoanabasine N-Nitrosomorpholine 2-Toluidine 2-Naphthylamine 4-Aminobiphenyl Aldehydes Formaldehydea Acetaldehydea Crotonaldehyde Miscellaneous organic compounds Benzene Acrylonitrile 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 2-Nitropropane Ethylcarbamate Vinylchloride Inorganic compounds Hydrazine Arsenic Nickel Chromium Cadmium Lead Polonium-210 Asbestos Plutonium
The Rest of the Story
This example shows how absurd the regulatory approach taken by the FDA legislation is. The reality is that the FDA is not going to know whether or not its proposed changes to cigarette components are going to make cigarettes safer or not. So the FDA is going to use smokers as guinea pigs to figure that out. Now that may be fine; however, in the mean time, people are going to be given the implied message that cigarettes are safer. In other words, the fraud that the tobacco companies were found guilty of committing against American consumers by implying a safer product without documentation will now be transferred over to the United States government.
I don't think we want any part of this regulatory scheme.
Thursday, October 04, 2007
Bush Vetoes Bill to Use Cigarette Tax Revenue to Fund Children's Health Insurance
President Bush yesterday vetoed a bill passed by Congress which would have expanded the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) by $35 billion, providing coverage to more children. The measure was funded by a 61 cent per pack increase in the federal cigarette excise tax. There appear to be enough votes in the Senate to override this veto; however, there are currently not enough votes in the House. It appears that negotiations will take place to try to secure at least an extension of the current program, if not a small expansion. But a large cigarette tax increase does not seem likely.
The Rest of the Story
As much as I might hate to say it, I agree with the president on this veto. It makes absolutely no sense to tie the financial stability of the children's health insurance program to continued cigarette consumption by smokers. That is no way to fund health insurance for children whose families cannot otherwise afford insurance.
As cigarette consumption falls, it will create a budget shortfall. That shortfall will need to be filled by finding new smokers. This creates a government incentive against any measures which will sharply reduce cigarette consumption. Thus, two public health goals -- providing health access and reducing smoking -- are placed directly against each other.
It baffles me why public health organizations, such as the American Public Health Association, are supporting this approach to funding something as essential as health insurance coverage for the nation's children.
At any rate, President Bush has made the 4th veto of his presidency a very sensible one.
The Rest of the Story
As much as I might hate to say it, I agree with the president on this veto. It makes absolutely no sense to tie the financial stability of the children's health insurance program to continued cigarette consumption by smokers. That is no way to fund health insurance for children whose families cannot otherwise afford insurance.
As cigarette consumption falls, it will create a budget shortfall. That shortfall will need to be filled by finding new smokers. This creates a government incentive against any measures which will sharply reduce cigarette consumption. Thus, two public health goals -- providing health access and reducing smoking -- are placed directly against each other.
It baffles me why public health organizations, such as the American Public Health Association, are supporting this approach to funding something as essential as health insurance coverage for the nation's children.
At any rate, President Bush has made the 4th veto of his presidency a very sensible one.
Wednesday, October 03, 2007
Update on Smoker Denied Surgery for Broken Ankle
The following update was kindly provided by Maryetta Ables, President of FORCES:
When FORCES was made aware of the John Nuttall case of surgery being denied by the British National Health Service, a decision was made to contact Mister Nuttall and ask for his permission to do a "John Nuttall Fund Raiser" on his behalf to pay for his ankle surgery privately.
LINK TO THE ORIGINAL ARTICLE FROM THE TELEGRAPH
We contacted Mr. Nuttall last week and he requested a week to consider our offer.
Upon communication with Mister Nuttall on October 2nd, he has told us he has decided to decline the offer made by FORCES International at this time. Mister Nuttall did indicate that he is not done fighting with the National Health Service.
Mister Nuttall graciously explained that, "I have decided not to take up your offer yet. I want to make the NHS pay for it. After all, I've paid my taxes and should be covered."
He went on to say, "It's just not right, that they should get away with denying care after collecting the taxes."
Mister Nuttall stated that, "It is my conscientious position that NHS should be paying and no one else." Mister Nuttall also expressed his feelings of humility and gratefulness in reaction to advocacy on his behalf and the public's offers to donate the money needed to pay for his surgery.
Mister Nuttall also indicated that last evening there was a program on British television with Trevor McDonald which reported on the NHS's ducking out on smokers and obese persons. He felt that, "The show should have opened a few people's eyes to the situation." He is hoping for more public support towards changing NHS policies.
"I just don't see why they should get away with it," he said. "They are not supplying a service I've paid for all my life." The NHS will not even consider the surgery: "They just say no. They just won't talk to you."
The offer from FORCES was prompted by public outrage, and at the specific suggestion of Boston University Professor Michael Siegel, MD. Doctor Siegel recommended at his web site that a major organization in defense of smokers should take up a fund collection.
FORCES answered unhesitatingly, viewing the circumstances as clearly egregious, and the need urgent. Purely from a standpoint of compassion and human decency Mister Nuttall most certainly requires and deserves prompt and proper medical attention. There are besides several elements of his story that come under the specific guidance of our organization's Constitution.
Firstly, this is an issue of human rights. No person should be denied medical care, especially when he is legitimately covered by insurance, in the UK an essentially mandated form of insurance.
Secondly, this is an issue of medical and scientific ethics and practice. Our organization closely examines and openly exposes the flawed methodology of "scientific studies" which commonly and fraudulently exaggerate risks of smoking in service of an anti-smoking movement which some time ago became fanatically prohibitionist.
Specifically regarding Mister Nuttall's case, it simply beggars belief that a man should not receive corrective treatment for a painfully injured ankle, because he smokes. Common sense tells anyone: what of all our smoking soldiers in our wars, did not many survive greater injuries, and likewise survive the treatments for their injuries? Did they not deserve treatment because they smoked?
Which brings us back to basic compassion. FORCES advocates for human dignity. This is a humanitarian issue. The treatment Mister Nuttall has received deserves the name of contempt; as Doctor Siegel has pointed out it may also be called a breach of fundamental medical ethics which reach back to the Hippocratic Oath. We sometimes take great issue with Michael Siegel but who could here?
Mister Nuttall repeatedly expressed his gratitude for the gestures and offers of support he has received from strangers around the world. He is amazed that so many would care about him and support him in his indignation at the National Health Service. That support still holds and will continue to hold as we watch his further battles with the NHS.
We admire his principle. John says accepting the offered donations would be "the easy way out," that if he accepted, "they (the NHS) walk away without spending a penny of what I paid into the system, and that's what annoys me." Well-wishes from the internet were relayed to Mister Nuttall since he has no computer. He in turn asked us to relate his thanks to the people "out there" who cared enough to want to help a stranger.
We wish to impress that Mister Nuttall's experience is by no means unique or even unusual; in fact it is well within the "norm" for the NHS as is reflected in two pieces recently appearing about patients in hospice care and regarding cancer patients. Many are being adversely affected by the NHS system, finding recourse quite as difficult, as has John Nuttall.
We will keep our readers updated as information becomes available.
The Rest of the Story
Although he has decided not to accept this offer on grounds of principle, it is clear that the compassion and generosity of Rest of the Story readers, FORCES members, and all those who were concerned about his plight has made a huge impression on Mr. Nuttall, and has truly lifted his spirits. I will continue to highlight this and other related stories about the uncompassionate denial of medical care to individuals. Thanks to Walt for initially bringing this to my attention, and for all those who offered to donate money or just expressed their concern.
When FORCES was made aware of the John Nuttall case of surgery being denied by the British National Health Service, a decision was made to contact Mister Nuttall and ask for his permission to do a "John Nuttall Fund Raiser" on his behalf to pay for his ankle surgery privately.
LINK TO THE ORIGINAL ARTICLE FROM THE TELEGRAPH
We contacted Mr. Nuttall last week and he requested a week to consider our offer.
Upon communication with Mister Nuttall on October 2nd, he has told us he has decided to decline the offer made by FORCES International at this time. Mister Nuttall did indicate that he is not done fighting with the National Health Service.
Mister Nuttall graciously explained that, "I have decided not to take up your offer yet. I want to make the NHS pay for it. After all, I've paid my taxes and should be covered."
He went on to say, "It's just not right, that they should get away with denying care after collecting the taxes."
Mister Nuttall stated that, "It is my conscientious position that NHS should be paying and no one else." Mister Nuttall also expressed his feelings of humility and gratefulness in reaction to advocacy on his behalf and the public's offers to donate the money needed to pay for his surgery.
Mister Nuttall also indicated that last evening there was a program on British television with Trevor McDonald which reported on the NHS's ducking out on smokers and obese persons. He felt that, "The show should have opened a few people's eyes to the situation." He is hoping for more public support towards changing NHS policies.
"I just don't see why they should get away with it," he said. "They are not supplying a service I've paid for all my life." The NHS will not even consider the surgery: "They just say no. They just won't talk to you."
The offer from FORCES was prompted by public outrage, and at the specific suggestion of Boston University Professor Michael Siegel, MD. Doctor Siegel recommended at his web site that a major organization in defense of smokers should take up a fund collection.
FORCES answered unhesitatingly, viewing the circumstances as clearly egregious, and the need urgent. Purely from a standpoint of compassion and human decency Mister Nuttall most certainly requires and deserves prompt and proper medical attention. There are besides several elements of his story that come under the specific guidance of our organization's Constitution.
Firstly, this is an issue of human rights. No person should be denied medical care, especially when he is legitimately covered by insurance, in the UK an essentially mandated form of insurance.
Secondly, this is an issue of medical and scientific ethics and practice. Our organization closely examines and openly exposes the flawed methodology of "scientific studies" which commonly and fraudulently exaggerate risks of smoking in service of an anti-smoking movement which some time ago became fanatically prohibitionist.
Specifically regarding Mister Nuttall's case, it simply beggars belief that a man should not receive corrective treatment for a painfully injured ankle, because he smokes. Common sense tells anyone: what of all our smoking soldiers in our wars, did not many survive greater injuries, and likewise survive the treatments for their injuries? Did they not deserve treatment because they smoked?
Which brings us back to basic compassion. FORCES advocates for human dignity. This is a humanitarian issue. The treatment Mister Nuttall has received deserves the name of contempt; as Doctor Siegel has pointed out it may also be called a breach of fundamental medical ethics which reach back to the Hippocratic Oath. We sometimes take great issue with Michael Siegel but who could here?
Mister Nuttall repeatedly expressed his gratitude for the gestures and offers of support he has received from strangers around the world. He is amazed that so many would care about him and support him in his indignation at the National Health Service. That support still holds and will continue to hold as we watch his further battles with the NHS.
We admire his principle. John says accepting the offered donations would be "the easy way out," that if he accepted, "they (the NHS) walk away without spending a penny of what I paid into the system, and that's what annoys me." Well-wishes from the internet were relayed to Mister Nuttall since he has no computer. He in turn asked us to relate his thanks to the people "out there" who cared enough to want to help a stranger.
We wish to impress that Mister Nuttall's experience is by no means unique or even unusual; in fact it is well within the "norm" for the NHS as is reflected in two pieces recently appearing about patients in hospice care and regarding cancer patients. Many are being adversely affected by the NHS system, finding recourse quite as difficult, as has John Nuttall.
We will keep our readers updated as information becomes available.
The Rest of the Story
Although he has decided not to accept this offer on grounds of principle, it is clear that the compassion and generosity of Rest of the Story readers, FORCES members, and all those who were concerned about his plight has made a huge impression on Mr. Nuttall, and has truly lifted his spirits. I will continue to highlight this and other related stories about the uncompassionate denial of medical care to individuals. Thanks to Walt for initially bringing this to my attention, and for all those who offered to donate money or just expressed their concern.
Saturday, September 29, 2007
Effort to Help Smoker Who Was Refused Surgery Highlighted by British Newspaper; Role of the Rest of the Story Acknowledged
The effort being spearheaded by FORCES International to help a British smoker who was denied surgery for a painful and severely broken ankle because he smokes was highlighted Thursday in a Cornwall (UK) newspaper -- The Cornishman. The article notes the role played by The Rest of the Story in providing a forum where this news could be reported and discussed and on which this effort could originate.
As the article reports: "A pro-smoking group in the United States is pledging to pay for the private treatment of a Newlyn smoker who is being denied surgery on the NHS. FORCES International is waiting for permission from John Nuttall to start a fund-raising campaign. The human rights group, which proclaims to protect personal lifestyle choices, was alerted to Mr Nuttall's plight after it was documented on a Boston physician's website. Michael Siegel's article stimulated 131 replies with many involved in a debate demanding action. Twenty-nine pro-smokers pledged 1,545 in individual donations of 20 to 100. FORCES International president Maryetta Ables said the John Nuttall fund-raiser would meet the full cost of private care. Speaking to The Cornishman from West Virginia, she said: "All we need to know is our target goal and he will be free to go get his surgery." Mr Nuttall's story hit the national headlines this month.The 57-year-old, who broke his ankle two years ago, has been repeatedly turned down for surgery and is being prescribed a daily dose of morphine tablets for pain."
Mr. Nuttall is presently weighing his decision about whether to pursue surgery or not. He expressed tremendous appreciation for the concern expressed by those who pledged money on this blog, which has lifted his spirits. He expects to make a decision early this week. Should he accept the offer, The Rest of the Story will publicize the fund and provide a link to the page where donations can be made.
As the article reports: "A pro-smoking group in the United States is pledging to pay for the private treatment of a Newlyn smoker who is being denied surgery on the NHS. FORCES International is waiting for permission from John Nuttall to start a fund-raising campaign. The human rights group, which proclaims to protect personal lifestyle choices, was alerted to Mr Nuttall's plight after it was documented on a Boston physician's website. Michael Siegel's article stimulated 131 replies with many involved in a debate demanding action. Twenty-nine pro-smokers pledged 1,545 in individual donations of 20 to 100. FORCES International president Maryetta Ables said the John Nuttall fund-raiser would meet the full cost of private care. Speaking to The Cornishman from West Virginia, she said: "All we need to know is our target goal and he will be free to go get his surgery." Mr Nuttall's story hit the national headlines this month.The 57-year-old, who broke his ankle two years ago, has been repeatedly turned down for surgery and is being prescribed a daily dose of morphine tablets for pain."
Mr. Nuttall is presently weighing his decision about whether to pursue surgery or not. He expressed tremendous appreciation for the concern expressed by those who pledged money on this blog, which has lifted his spirits. He expects to make a decision early this week. Should he accept the offer, The Rest of the Story will publicize the fund and provide a link to the page where donations can be made.
Friday, September 28, 2007
New Study Claims that New York State Smoking Ban Reduced Heart Attack Admissions by 8%
A study being released today concludes that the New York State smoking ban, implemented in July 2003, resulted in an 8% decline in heart attack hospital admissions statewide during the first year and a half it was in effect. The study was published online ahead of print today in the American Journal of Public Health (see: Juster HR, Loomis BR, Hinman TM, et al. Declines in hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction in New York State after implementation of a comprehensive smoking ban. Am J Public Health 2007).
Although the study did not determine trends in heart attacks in smokers versus nonsmokers, it notes that there was not a significant decline in smoking prevalence associated with the implementation of the statewide smoking ban; thus, the decline in heart attacks is attributed to decreased secondhand smoke exposure among nonsmokers.
The study examined trends by month in age-adjusted hospital admission rates for acute myocardial infarction in all non-federal New York hospitals between 1995 and 2004. It used regression analysis to control for the effects of seasonal and secular trends as well as the presence of local smoking bans.
The paper concludes: "Rates of hospital admissions for AMI [acute myocardial infarction] were reduced by 8% after a comprehensive ban on smoking in work sites, including hospitality venues (e.g., bars and restaurants), in New York State. This is equivalent to a reduction of approximately 3800 AMI hospital admissions in 2004 and an estimated cost savings of $56 million. Our results show that enactment of clean indoor air laws was associated with an accelerated decline of hospital admissions and that a comprehensive statewide law had the largest effect."
The study results were first reported by the Associated Press here.
The Rest of the Story
While I do not dispute the conclusion that there was an 8% decline in hospital admissions in New York State during the second half of 2003 and all of 2004, I do not believe that these data support a conclusion that the observed decline in heart attack admissions is attributable to the statewide smoking ban.
Why? Because there is no control or comparison group. The article examines trends in heart attacks in New York, but it does not examine what happened to heart attack admissions anywhere else during the same time period.
Sure - there was an 8% decline in heart attack admissions in New York during 2004. But this doesn't mean anything unless there was not an 8% decline in heart attack admissions in other states, that did not implement smoking bans, in 2004. Without knowing what the heart attack trends were elsewhere, there is no basis to conclude that the observed decline in heart attack admissions in New York was attributable to the smoking ban.
This is essentially an uncontrolled study - a study without a control group. It represents a very weak study design for this type of analysis. Even the shoddy Bowling Green and Pueblo studies employed a comparison group to evaluate whether the observed changes in heart attacks in the cities with smoking bans were also occurring in comparable cities without smoking bans.
So what did happen in other states between 2003 and 2004? Were heart attack admissions stable in states without smoking bans, while dropping by 8% in New York state with its smoking ban in place?
Well, in South Carolina, heart attack admissions fell by 12.5% from 2003 to 2004. This is also in marked contrast to the existing trend in heart attacks in that state. Heart attack admissions were increasing by an average of 3.0% per year during the period 2001-2003 in South Carolina. So was the 12.5% decline in heart attack admissions during the same time period in South Carolina due to the absence of a statewide smoking ban?
In Nebraska, heart attack admissions fell by 28.5%from 2003 to 2004. This is in marked contrast to the existing trend in heart attacks in the state. Heart attack admissions were increasing by an average of 2.3% per year during the period 2001-2003 in Nebraska. Was this dramatic drop in heart attack admissions in Nebraska, which occurred during exactly the same period as the decline in New York, attributable to the absence of a smoking ban in the Cornhusker state?
In fact, in all other states for which data are available, heart attack admissions fell by 5.1% from 2003 to 2004. So does the decline in heart attacks in New York represent a dramatic effect of the smoking ban, or is it simply a change that would have been expected based on the secular trends occurring across the nation during the same time period?
The article in question does not allow us to answer that question. And that is precisely why its conclusion is unwarranted.
Based on the available data, it certainly appears that large declines in heart attack admissions were occurring across the nation in 2004. The observed decline in New York was far less than was observed in Nebraska and South Carolina - two states without smoking bans.
So does this mean that the absence of a smoking ban in those two states was the reason why their heart attack admissions dropped far more than in New York? Of course not. The point is that there are large year-to-year variations in heart attacks that have nothing to do with smoking bans and in order to conclude that a small decline (such as 8%) in heart attacks was due to a smoking ban, you absolutely have to show that the decline would not have occurred in absence of the smoking ban. And to do that, you need to look at what is happening in other states.
One lesson here is that even if a study is published, you still need to review it critically and you should not necessarily assume that its conclusions are valid and well-supported. And if this is what can happen with a published article, you can only imagine how much more difficult it is to accept the conclusions of a study that is neither published nor available (i.e., the Scottish smoking ban heart attack study).
As much as we might like to believe that reducing secondhand smoke exposure prevents thousands of heart attacks in a matter of months, the evidence is simply not there to support such a conclusion. By jumping the gun and drawing conclusions prematurely, I fear that we are hurting our overall scientific credibility. In the long run, that may harm the effort to promote smoking bans far more than spreading the belief that such bans are going to immediately prevent heart attacks is going to help enact these bans.
Although the study did not determine trends in heart attacks in smokers versus nonsmokers, it notes that there was not a significant decline in smoking prevalence associated with the implementation of the statewide smoking ban; thus, the decline in heart attacks is attributed to decreased secondhand smoke exposure among nonsmokers.
The study examined trends by month in age-adjusted hospital admission rates for acute myocardial infarction in all non-federal New York hospitals between 1995 and 2004. It used regression analysis to control for the effects of seasonal and secular trends as well as the presence of local smoking bans.
The paper concludes: "Rates of hospital admissions for AMI [acute myocardial infarction] were reduced by 8% after a comprehensive ban on smoking in work sites, including hospitality venues (e.g., bars and restaurants), in New York State. This is equivalent to a reduction of approximately 3800 AMI hospital admissions in 2004 and an estimated cost savings of $56 million. Our results show that enactment of clean indoor air laws was associated with an accelerated decline of hospital admissions and that a comprehensive statewide law had the largest effect."
The study results were first reported by the Associated Press here.
The Rest of the Story
While I do not dispute the conclusion that there was an 8% decline in hospital admissions in New York State during the second half of 2003 and all of 2004, I do not believe that these data support a conclusion that the observed decline in heart attack admissions is attributable to the statewide smoking ban.
Why? Because there is no control or comparison group. The article examines trends in heart attacks in New York, but it does not examine what happened to heart attack admissions anywhere else during the same time period.
Sure - there was an 8% decline in heart attack admissions in New York during 2004. But this doesn't mean anything unless there was not an 8% decline in heart attack admissions in other states, that did not implement smoking bans, in 2004. Without knowing what the heart attack trends were elsewhere, there is no basis to conclude that the observed decline in heart attack admissions in New York was attributable to the smoking ban.
This is essentially an uncontrolled study - a study without a control group. It represents a very weak study design for this type of analysis. Even the shoddy Bowling Green and Pueblo studies employed a comparison group to evaluate whether the observed changes in heart attacks in the cities with smoking bans were also occurring in comparable cities without smoking bans.
So what did happen in other states between 2003 and 2004? Were heart attack admissions stable in states without smoking bans, while dropping by 8% in New York state with its smoking ban in place?
Well, in South Carolina, heart attack admissions fell by 12.5% from 2003 to 2004. This is also in marked contrast to the existing trend in heart attacks in that state. Heart attack admissions were increasing by an average of 3.0% per year during the period 2001-2003 in South Carolina. So was the 12.5% decline in heart attack admissions during the same time period in South Carolina due to the absence of a statewide smoking ban?
In Nebraska, heart attack admissions fell by 28.5%from 2003 to 2004. This is in marked contrast to the existing trend in heart attacks in the state. Heart attack admissions were increasing by an average of 2.3% per year during the period 2001-2003 in Nebraska. Was this dramatic drop in heart attack admissions in Nebraska, which occurred during exactly the same period as the decline in New York, attributable to the absence of a smoking ban in the Cornhusker state?
In fact, in all other states for which data are available, heart attack admissions fell by 5.1% from 2003 to 2004. So does the decline in heart attacks in New York represent a dramatic effect of the smoking ban, or is it simply a change that would have been expected based on the secular trends occurring across the nation during the same time period?
The article in question does not allow us to answer that question. And that is precisely why its conclusion is unwarranted.
Based on the available data, it certainly appears that large declines in heart attack admissions were occurring across the nation in 2004. The observed decline in New York was far less than was observed in Nebraska and South Carolina - two states without smoking bans.
So does this mean that the absence of a smoking ban in those two states was the reason why their heart attack admissions dropped far more than in New York? Of course not. The point is that there are large year-to-year variations in heart attacks that have nothing to do with smoking bans and in order to conclude that a small decline (such as 8%) in heart attacks was due to a smoking ban, you absolutely have to show that the decline would not have occurred in absence of the smoking ban. And to do that, you need to look at what is happening in other states.
One lesson here is that even if a study is published, you still need to review it critically and you should not necessarily assume that its conclusions are valid and well-supported. And if this is what can happen with a published article, you can only imagine how much more difficult it is to accept the conclusions of a study that is neither published nor available (i.e., the Scottish smoking ban heart attack study).
As much as we might like to believe that reducing secondhand smoke exposure prevents thousands of heart attacks in a matter of months, the evidence is simply not there to support such a conclusion. By jumping the gun and drawing conclusions prematurely, I fear that we are hurting our overall scientific credibility. In the long run, that may harm the effort to promote smoking bans far more than spreading the belief that such bans are going to immediately prevent heart attacks is going to help enact these bans.
Thursday, September 27, 2007
The Dangers of Science by Press Release: Putative Effects of Scottish Smoking Ban on Heart Attacks Gets Widespread, Uncritical Media Coverage
An article published earlier this week in Spiegel Online informs the public that the smoking ban in Scotland resulted in a dramatic 17% decline in heart attacks during the first ten months that the ban was in effect. According to the Spiegel article, there were 551 heart attacks that failed to occur due to the smoking ban.
The article is based on unpublished data released via a press release by the University of Glasgow, home of the lead researcher on the study. To the best of my knowledge, the study itself is not easily available for public scrutiny.
In an uncritical recounting of the data and conclusions in the press release, Spiegel writes as follows:
"it seems a miracle has happened: The number of heart attacks in Scotland has suddenly dropped by no less than 17 percent in a single year. What has happened? Have the Scots stopped eating red meat? Has the whole country started knocking back cholesterol medication? Are they all training for the marathon? No. The reason is much simpler: Scots are having fewer heart attacks because they are no longer inhaling other people's cigarette smoke when they sit in the pub, the train or the office. Scientists at the University of Glasgow reported last week that things have become remarkably quiet in the country's heart clinics since smoking in public was banned in Scotland in March 2006. In nine selected Scottish clinics, 3,235 heart attack victims were brought in during the 10 months before the ban. In comparison, the number for the 10 months after the ban was only 2,684. Now the Scots and the rest of the world are marvelling at 551 heart attacks that never happened -- simply because of cleaner air."
The Rest of the Story
While Spiegel Online may be reporting that there were 551 fewer heart attacks in Scotland due to the smoking ban, Siegel Online is reporting that this conclusion is far too premature, and that the simple fact that there was a reduction in heart attacks from one year to the next is not sufficient evidence to conclude that this reduction is attributable to the implementation of the smoking ban.
In fact, I presented evidence that a 17% drop in heart attack admissions occurred in the 3 months prior to the smoking ban -- obviously, that much more drastic decline in heart attacks was not attributable to the smoking ban. Clearly, it is premature to jump to these conclusions.
This story demonstrates the danger of the science by press release approach. This is precisely why it is not prudent to issue findings that have not been validated by a peer review process. Suppose that upon peer review, it turns out that the study findings are unwarranted and invalid. Are the researchers going to then issue a press release stating that they were wrong, that their conclusion was premature and invalid, and that all news articles that the public throughout the world read to the contrary should be disregarded?
I highly doubt it.
Should these findings be invalidated based on peer review, it will at this point be inconsequential. The point is that the word is already out there. The conclusions have already been disseminated. It is too late to retract them if they are indeed wrong.
I view it to be inappropriate and perhaps unethical to release the results of a scientific study prior to peer review and publication. There is one exception, and that is IF (and only if) one makes the study available for public scrutiny and review. If you are going to go to the press to disseminate study findings, then you have to be willing to allow the public to see the study upon which those findings are based. Otherwise, there is no opportunity for review and scrutiny of your work.
To see how science by press release subverts scientific integrity, suppose that RJ Reynolds were to come out with a press release stating that Camel No. 9 cigarettes were found to reduce cancer risk by 20%. Newspaper headlines widely carried the headlines that Reynolds has produced a safer cigarette.
The first thing that anti-smoking groups would want to know is whether or not this research had been peer-reviewed and published. Suppose that it had not, and that the company did not release the study upon which these conclusions were based. There is no doubt that anti-smoking groups would condemn RJ Reynolds, question the validity of the study results, and claim that the company was widely misleading the public. RJ Reynolds would be attacked for violating established scientific standards.
Well if those standards apply to RJ Reynolds, then why don't they also apply to research which draws conclusions that are "favorable" to the anti-smoking cause?
Are we no longer required to adhere to solid scientific practice in tobacco control?
Apparently, we are not. Somehow, I must have missed that memo.
The article is based on unpublished data released via a press release by the University of Glasgow, home of the lead researcher on the study. To the best of my knowledge, the study itself is not easily available for public scrutiny.
In an uncritical recounting of the data and conclusions in the press release, Spiegel writes as follows:
"it seems a miracle has happened: The number of heart attacks in Scotland has suddenly dropped by no less than 17 percent in a single year. What has happened? Have the Scots stopped eating red meat? Has the whole country started knocking back cholesterol medication? Are they all training for the marathon? No. The reason is much simpler: Scots are having fewer heart attacks because they are no longer inhaling other people's cigarette smoke when they sit in the pub, the train or the office. Scientists at the University of Glasgow reported last week that things have become remarkably quiet in the country's heart clinics since smoking in public was banned in Scotland in March 2006. In nine selected Scottish clinics, 3,235 heart attack victims were brought in during the 10 months before the ban. In comparison, the number for the 10 months after the ban was only 2,684. Now the Scots and the rest of the world are marvelling at 551 heart attacks that never happened -- simply because of cleaner air."
The Rest of the Story
While Spiegel Online may be reporting that there were 551 fewer heart attacks in Scotland due to the smoking ban, Siegel Online is reporting that this conclusion is far too premature, and that the simple fact that there was a reduction in heart attacks from one year to the next is not sufficient evidence to conclude that this reduction is attributable to the implementation of the smoking ban.
In fact, I presented evidence that a 17% drop in heart attack admissions occurred in the 3 months prior to the smoking ban -- obviously, that much more drastic decline in heart attacks was not attributable to the smoking ban. Clearly, it is premature to jump to these conclusions.
This story demonstrates the danger of the science by press release approach. This is precisely why it is not prudent to issue findings that have not been validated by a peer review process. Suppose that upon peer review, it turns out that the study findings are unwarranted and invalid. Are the researchers going to then issue a press release stating that they were wrong, that their conclusion was premature and invalid, and that all news articles that the public throughout the world read to the contrary should be disregarded?
I highly doubt it.
Should these findings be invalidated based on peer review, it will at this point be inconsequential. The point is that the word is already out there. The conclusions have already been disseminated. It is too late to retract them if they are indeed wrong.
I view it to be inappropriate and perhaps unethical to release the results of a scientific study prior to peer review and publication. There is one exception, and that is IF (and only if) one makes the study available for public scrutiny and review. If you are going to go to the press to disseminate study findings, then you have to be willing to allow the public to see the study upon which those findings are based. Otherwise, there is no opportunity for review and scrutiny of your work.
To see how science by press release subverts scientific integrity, suppose that RJ Reynolds were to come out with a press release stating that Camel No. 9 cigarettes were found to reduce cancer risk by 20%. Newspaper headlines widely carried the headlines that Reynolds has produced a safer cigarette.
The first thing that anti-smoking groups would want to know is whether or not this research had been peer-reviewed and published. Suppose that it had not, and that the company did not release the study upon which these conclusions were based. There is no doubt that anti-smoking groups would condemn RJ Reynolds, question the validity of the study results, and claim that the company was widely misleading the public. RJ Reynolds would be attacked for violating established scientific standards.
Well if those standards apply to RJ Reynolds, then why don't they also apply to research which draws conclusions that are "favorable" to the anti-smoking cause?
Are we no longer required to adhere to solid scientific practice in tobacco control?
Apparently, we are not. Somehow, I must have missed that memo.
Wednesday, September 26, 2007
Paper Shows No Increase in Marlboro Nicotine Yields from 1997-2006, Yet Concludes There Has Been a Linear Trend of Increasing Yields During this Time
An article published online in this month's issue of the journal Tobacco Control concludes that there has been a linear, non-random trend of increasing nicotine yields in Marlboro brand cigarettes during the period 1997 to 2006 (see: Connolly GN, Alpert AR, Wayne GF, Koh H. Trends in nicotine yield in smoke and its relationship with design characteristics among popular US cigarette brands, 1997-2005. Tobacco Control 2007; 16:e5).
The paper presents a figure (Figure 1) which shows the trend in average nicotine yields of 18 Marlboro family brand styles between 1997 and 2006. The paper concludes: "A multilevel regression analysis of the nicotine yields in smoke of the 18 Marlboro brand styles reported in each year from 1997 through 2006, as reflected by the MDPH data, shows a statistically significant increasing temporal trend of 0.008 mg/year (p,0.001). Average figures for nicotine yield for these Marlboro brands and the regression line showing a linear, nonrandom trend in nicotine yield in smoke are shown in fig 1."
This finding directly contradicts the public statement of Philip Morris regarding Marlboro's nicotine yields. According to the Tobacco Control article: "PM USA issued press releases, observing that the apparent trend in nicotine yield in smoke from 1998 to 2004 was not present when data from 1997, 2005 and 2006 were included. The PM USA website also shows simple linear average nicotine yields in smoke for 18 Marlboro cigarette styles reported in all years from 1997 through 2006, claiming no significant temporal trend and concluding that ‘year-to-year variations in nicotine occur as part of the normal processes of growing tobacco and manufacturing cigarettes.’ The present analysis shows a significant temporal increase in nicotine yield in smoke, contradicting the PM USA claims."
Importantly, the paper also notes that: "All cigarettes are highly addictive and deadly, and relatively minor changes in nicotine yield may not significantly alter the product’s addictive properties." and that "The increase over time in nicotine yield in smoke does not necessarily signify any change in exposure within the population of smokers, particularly as smoking behaviour among humans is compensatory and will adjust for differences in smoke yield."
Finally, the paper notes that "Human studies, including measures of smoking topography and biomarkers of exposure, may be necessary to predict consumer and population effects."
The Rest of the Story
The rest of the story is that the article reports an average nicotine yield of Marlboro cigarettes in 1997 of approximately 1.85 mg/cigarette, and an average yield in 2006 of approximately 1.85 mg/cigarette.
You're not reading that incorrectly.
The average nicotine yield of Marlboro cigarettes in 2006 was, according to this article itself (not relying upon Philip Morris' own data), no higher in 2006 than it was in 1997.
So if the nicotine yield of Marlboro cigarettes was no higher in 2006 than in 1997, then how could there have been a significant, linear trend of increasing nicotine yields of Marlboro cigarettes during this time period?
The answer is: there could not have been such a trend. Such a trend of linearly increasing yield of nicotine yields is not consistent with the study findings, which demonstrate essentially no difference in the yields of Marlboro cigarettes in 2006 vs. 1997.
The curious reader may ask himself or herself: then how does one conclude that there was a trend of linearly increasing nicotine yields?
The answer is that you fit a line to data which clearly do not show a simple linear pattern.
If you examine Figure 1, what you'll see is that the nicotine yield of Marlboro cigarettes increased rather steadily from 1997 through 2003, and then decreased rather steadily from 2003 through 2006. The nicotine level ended up exactly where it had started. But it went up for a few years, and then back down.
In other words, the trend in nicotine yields exhibits an upside-down "V" pattern.
The appropriate way to model this would be to fit two lines: a line with increasing nicotine yield between 1997 and 2003, and a line with decreasing nicotine yield between 2003 and 2006.
In other words, what appears to have actually happened is that Marlboro's nicotine yields increased between 1997 and 2003, but decreased between 2003 and 2006.
Because the period of time during which the increase occurred was longer than the period of time during which the decrease occurred, if you fit a simple line (a single line) to the data, you are going to find a line with a positive slope. But that line does not really indicate what occurred during the study period.
In my opinion, these data clearly demonstrate that Philip Morris was correct and the article is wrong regarding the observed pattern. There was indeed no net increase in nicotine yields of Marlboro cigarettes between 1997 and 2006. The nicotine yields did not increase by 0.008 mg/year. What happened is that the nicotine yields increased by about 0.016 mg/year between 1997 and 2003, and then decreased by about 0.033 mg/year between 2003 and 2006.
What's most interesting to me is the fact that while Philip Morris is apparently being blamed for increasing the nicotine yield of its Marlboro cigarettes between 1997 and 2003, the company is not simultaneously being praised for having decreased the nicotine yields between 2003 and 2006.
In fact, the decreasing nicotine yield of Marlboros between 2003 and 2006 is "impressive." The rate of decline in nicotine yields is twice what the rate of increase was between 1997 and 2003.
Note that I'm not arguing here that Philip Morris did or did not intend to increase or decrease its nicotine yields within Marlboro cigarettes. These data cannot demonstrate whether or not the changes reflect a true attempt to control these levels on the part of the company, or whether the changes merely reflect random variations. While the variation in nicotine does not appear to be random, neither does it appear to represent a linearly increasing trend.
While I would not have thought that I would be taking the side of Philip Morris in a conflict over the interpretation of scientific data, I do find myself in that position based on my review of this research.
Perhaps an even most interesting aspect of the paper, to me, is the fact that the article itself acknowledges that the observed changes in nicotine yield are essentially meaningless, because "relatively minor changes in nicotine yield may not significantly alter the product's addictive properties," and because "the increase over time in nicotine yield in smoke does not necessarily signify any change in exposure within the population of smokers, particularly as smoking behaviour among humans is compensatory and will adjust for differences in smoke yield."
If it is true that relatively minor changes in nicotine do not necessarily alter the product's addictive properties and that the increase (or decrease) in nicotine yields in smoke does not necessarily signify any change in exposure within the population of smokers, then what exactly is the significance of this research?
If it is true, as the authors conclude, that one can only draw inferences about "consumer and population effects" by conducting "human studies, including measures of smoking topography and biomarkers of exposure," then what exactly does this paper tell us about consumer or population implications of the data reported therein?
The answer is: nothing. And the paper acknowledges that, quite appropriately.
But that raises the question of what the value or importance of this research is. It's not clear to me. However, there's no question that the research has been used to support two things: (1) promotion of a specific policy end - the FDA tobacco legislation; and (2) the opportunity for anti-smoking groups to take a crack at the tobacco companies for increasing yields which, on our own admission, have nothing to do with actual human consumer or population effects, addiction potential, or health.
The paper presents a figure (Figure 1) which shows the trend in average nicotine yields of 18 Marlboro family brand styles between 1997 and 2006. The paper concludes: "A multilevel regression analysis of the nicotine yields in smoke of the 18 Marlboro brand styles reported in each year from 1997 through 2006, as reflected by the MDPH data, shows a statistically significant increasing temporal trend of 0.008 mg/year (p,0.001). Average figures for nicotine yield for these Marlboro brands and the regression line showing a linear, nonrandom trend in nicotine yield in smoke are shown in fig 1."
This finding directly contradicts the public statement of Philip Morris regarding Marlboro's nicotine yields. According to the Tobacco Control article: "PM USA issued press releases, observing that the apparent trend in nicotine yield in smoke from 1998 to 2004 was not present when data from 1997, 2005 and 2006 were included. The PM USA website also shows simple linear average nicotine yields in smoke for 18 Marlboro cigarette styles reported in all years from 1997 through 2006, claiming no significant temporal trend and concluding that ‘year-to-year variations in nicotine occur as part of the normal processes of growing tobacco and manufacturing cigarettes.’ The present analysis shows a significant temporal increase in nicotine yield in smoke, contradicting the PM USA claims."
Importantly, the paper also notes that: "All cigarettes are highly addictive and deadly, and relatively minor changes in nicotine yield may not significantly alter the product’s addictive properties." and that "The increase over time in nicotine yield in smoke does not necessarily signify any change in exposure within the population of smokers, particularly as smoking behaviour among humans is compensatory and will adjust for differences in smoke yield."
Finally, the paper notes that "Human studies, including measures of smoking topography and biomarkers of exposure, may be necessary to predict consumer and population effects."
The Rest of the Story
The rest of the story is that the article reports an average nicotine yield of Marlboro cigarettes in 1997 of approximately 1.85 mg/cigarette, and an average yield in 2006 of approximately 1.85 mg/cigarette.
You're not reading that incorrectly.
The average nicotine yield of Marlboro cigarettes in 2006 was, according to this article itself (not relying upon Philip Morris' own data), no higher in 2006 than it was in 1997.
So if the nicotine yield of Marlboro cigarettes was no higher in 2006 than in 1997, then how could there have been a significant, linear trend of increasing nicotine yields of Marlboro cigarettes during this time period?
The answer is: there could not have been such a trend. Such a trend of linearly increasing yield of nicotine yields is not consistent with the study findings, which demonstrate essentially no difference in the yields of Marlboro cigarettes in 2006 vs. 1997.
The curious reader may ask himself or herself: then how does one conclude that there was a trend of linearly increasing nicotine yields?
The answer is that you fit a line to data which clearly do not show a simple linear pattern.
If you examine Figure 1, what you'll see is that the nicotine yield of Marlboro cigarettes increased rather steadily from 1997 through 2003, and then decreased rather steadily from 2003 through 2006. The nicotine level ended up exactly where it had started. But it went up for a few years, and then back down.
In other words, the trend in nicotine yields exhibits an upside-down "V" pattern.
The appropriate way to model this would be to fit two lines: a line with increasing nicotine yield between 1997 and 2003, and a line with decreasing nicotine yield between 2003 and 2006.
In other words, what appears to have actually happened is that Marlboro's nicotine yields increased between 1997 and 2003, but decreased between 2003 and 2006.
Because the period of time during which the increase occurred was longer than the period of time during which the decrease occurred, if you fit a simple line (a single line) to the data, you are going to find a line with a positive slope. But that line does not really indicate what occurred during the study period.
In my opinion, these data clearly demonstrate that Philip Morris was correct and the article is wrong regarding the observed pattern. There was indeed no net increase in nicotine yields of Marlboro cigarettes between 1997 and 2006. The nicotine yields did not increase by 0.008 mg/year. What happened is that the nicotine yields increased by about 0.016 mg/year between 1997 and 2003, and then decreased by about 0.033 mg/year between 2003 and 2006.
What's most interesting to me is the fact that while Philip Morris is apparently being blamed for increasing the nicotine yield of its Marlboro cigarettes between 1997 and 2003, the company is not simultaneously being praised for having decreased the nicotine yields between 2003 and 2006.
In fact, the decreasing nicotine yield of Marlboros between 2003 and 2006 is "impressive." The rate of decline in nicotine yields is twice what the rate of increase was between 1997 and 2003.
Note that I'm not arguing here that Philip Morris did or did not intend to increase or decrease its nicotine yields within Marlboro cigarettes. These data cannot demonstrate whether or not the changes reflect a true attempt to control these levels on the part of the company, or whether the changes merely reflect random variations. While the variation in nicotine does not appear to be random, neither does it appear to represent a linearly increasing trend.
While I would not have thought that I would be taking the side of Philip Morris in a conflict over the interpretation of scientific data, I do find myself in that position based on my review of this research.
Perhaps an even most interesting aspect of the paper, to me, is the fact that the article itself acknowledges that the observed changes in nicotine yield are essentially meaningless, because "relatively minor changes in nicotine yield may not significantly alter the product's addictive properties," and because "the increase over time in nicotine yield in smoke does not necessarily signify any change in exposure within the population of smokers, particularly as smoking behaviour among humans is compensatory and will adjust for differences in smoke yield."
If it is true that relatively minor changes in nicotine do not necessarily alter the product's addictive properties and that the increase (or decrease) in nicotine yields in smoke does not necessarily signify any change in exposure within the population of smokers, then what exactly is the significance of this research?
If it is true, as the authors conclude, that one can only draw inferences about "consumer and population effects" by conducting "human studies, including measures of smoking topography and biomarkers of exposure," then what exactly does this paper tell us about consumer or population implications of the data reported therein?
The answer is: nothing. And the paper acknowledges that, quite appropriately.
But that raises the question of what the value or importance of this research is. It's not clear to me. However, there's no question that the research has been used to support two things: (1) promotion of a specific policy end - the FDA tobacco legislation; and (2) the opportunity for anti-smoking groups to take a crack at the tobacco companies for increasing yields which, on our own admission, have nothing to do with actual human consumer or population effects, addiction potential, or health.
Tuesday, September 25, 2007
Car Smoking Ban Supporters Call Smoking in Cars Worse Than Child Abuse, State that Secondhand Smoke is as Bad as Active Smoking
According to an article in Newsday, two New York legislators who are supporting the state's proposed ban on smoking in cars carrying children under 16 years of age have issued the following one-two punch of arguments in support of their position:
Assemblyman Ivan Lafayette, the sponsor of the car smoking ban bill, was quoted as stating that smoking in a car with a child is worse than child abuse (slapping a child in the face): "I think smoking in a car with a child has a more lasting effect than giving a child a slap in the face," said Assemblyman Ivan Lafayette, D-Queens. "They're both horrible things, but one is going to kill the child ... I know that's a hard comparison, but that's the reality of it."
Assemblywoman Sandra Galef, who is sponsoring a separate bill which would ban smoking in playgrounds, stated: "The scientific reports say that secondhand smoke has as much of a negative effect on your health as smoking directly. And we certainly want to be sure we keep smoke away from children who don't have the opportunity to walk away from it, and I think adults have to learn more responsible behavior around children."
The Rest of the Story
What more can I say about Assemblyman Lafayette's statement than to condemn it as being disgusting and completely insensitive to, and dismissive of, all those who have been victims of child abuse.
How can one suggest that physically abusing a child is no worse than exposing a child to secondhand smoke? How can one suggest that physically abusing a child results in effects that last for a much shorter time than a child breathing in secondhand smoke?
Anyone who has experienced abuse as a child or treated victims knows that the effects of childhood physical abuse last a lifetime. Anyone who is abused suffers harm. That harm is severe and in some respects irreparable.
In contrast, the majority of children who are exposed to secondhand smoke in cars do not suffer any long-term effects. There is an increased risk of ear infections and lower respiratory tract infections. But to compare that to child abuse?
It appears that at least some car smoking ban supporters are having a difficult time making a distinction between risk and harm. While physically abusing a child causes immediate, direct, severe, and intentional harm, smoking around a child merely increases the risk of adverse health consequences. And in almost all cases, that increased risk is not intentional.
To equate intentional infliction of direct injury with the unintentional imposition of increased health risks is unwarranted.
And in this case, it is also disrespectful, insensitive, and damaging.
Is this what is really behind car smoking bans? It has to make you wonder.
While not disgusting or insensitive, Assemblywoman Galef's argument is scientific rubbish. It is manifestly untrue that secondhand smoke exposure is as bad as active smoking. Clearly, active smoking has a far more detrimental effect on one's health than secondhand smoke exposure.
The relative risk of lung cancer associated with active smoking is about 17, yet only about 1.3 for passive smoking. Active smoking is a major cause of emphysema and chronic bronchitis (chronic obstructive lung disease), while secondhand smoke has not yet been shown to cause these conditions. Active smoking causes cancer of many other organs besides the lung, while secondhand smoke has been shown to be a cause only of lung and nasal sinus cancer.
To suggest that secondhand smoke is as harmful as active smoking is to undermine the public's appreciation of the hazards of active smoking. Do we really want smokers to believe that the health effects of their smoking are really only as bad as if they were exposed to secondhand smoke? A statement like that may generate headlines and scare people into supporting a car smoking ban, but it is false and damaging to public health messages about the hazards of smoking.
Of course, another problem with Galef's argument is that children cannot walk away from secondhand smoke in the home either. So if secondhand smoke is really as bad as active smoking, then how can we possibly allow parents to smoke around their children in the home? The New York smoking ban legislation chooses not to regulate smoking in the home, allowing parents to hold their kids captive and expose them to the equivalent of active smoking.
Why is it that parents must learn "more responsible behavior around children" in their cars, but not in their homes? Is it the harm being done to children that bothers our legislators, or is it just seeing the parents smoking that is the problem?
When one sees arguments in favor of a public policy deteriorate to this level, one should take a good hard look at the validity of the position in support of the policy. If this is the best that supporters can come up with, then I'm afraid I cannot find their position to be at all compelling.
One thing is for certain: the arguments being advanced by these car smoking ban proponents do cause harm. Harm to real victims of child abuse. And harm to public health efforts to educate the public about the hazards of smoking.
Assemblyman Ivan Lafayette, the sponsor of the car smoking ban bill, was quoted as stating that smoking in a car with a child is worse than child abuse (slapping a child in the face): "I think smoking in a car with a child has a more lasting effect than giving a child a slap in the face," said Assemblyman Ivan Lafayette, D-Queens. "They're both horrible things, but one is going to kill the child ... I know that's a hard comparison, but that's the reality of it."
Assemblywoman Sandra Galef, who is sponsoring a separate bill which would ban smoking in playgrounds, stated: "The scientific reports say that secondhand smoke has as much of a negative effect on your health as smoking directly. And we certainly want to be sure we keep smoke away from children who don't have the opportunity to walk away from it, and I think adults have to learn more responsible behavior around children."
The Rest of the Story
What more can I say about Assemblyman Lafayette's statement than to condemn it as being disgusting and completely insensitive to, and dismissive of, all those who have been victims of child abuse.
How can one suggest that physically abusing a child is no worse than exposing a child to secondhand smoke? How can one suggest that physically abusing a child results in effects that last for a much shorter time than a child breathing in secondhand smoke?
Anyone who has experienced abuse as a child or treated victims knows that the effects of childhood physical abuse last a lifetime. Anyone who is abused suffers harm. That harm is severe and in some respects irreparable.
In contrast, the majority of children who are exposed to secondhand smoke in cars do not suffer any long-term effects. There is an increased risk of ear infections and lower respiratory tract infections. But to compare that to child abuse?
It appears that at least some car smoking ban supporters are having a difficult time making a distinction between risk and harm. While physically abusing a child causes immediate, direct, severe, and intentional harm, smoking around a child merely increases the risk of adverse health consequences. And in almost all cases, that increased risk is not intentional.
To equate intentional infliction of direct injury with the unintentional imposition of increased health risks is unwarranted.
And in this case, it is also disrespectful, insensitive, and damaging.
Is this what is really behind car smoking bans? It has to make you wonder.
While not disgusting or insensitive, Assemblywoman Galef's argument is scientific rubbish. It is manifestly untrue that secondhand smoke exposure is as bad as active smoking. Clearly, active smoking has a far more detrimental effect on one's health than secondhand smoke exposure.
The relative risk of lung cancer associated with active smoking is about 17, yet only about 1.3 for passive smoking. Active smoking is a major cause of emphysema and chronic bronchitis (chronic obstructive lung disease), while secondhand smoke has not yet been shown to cause these conditions. Active smoking causes cancer of many other organs besides the lung, while secondhand smoke has been shown to be a cause only of lung and nasal sinus cancer.
To suggest that secondhand smoke is as harmful as active smoking is to undermine the public's appreciation of the hazards of active smoking. Do we really want smokers to believe that the health effects of their smoking are really only as bad as if they were exposed to secondhand smoke? A statement like that may generate headlines and scare people into supporting a car smoking ban, but it is false and damaging to public health messages about the hazards of smoking.
Of course, another problem with Galef's argument is that children cannot walk away from secondhand smoke in the home either. So if secondhand smoke is really as bad as active smoking, then how can we possibly allow parents to smoke around their children in the home? The New York smoking ban legislation chooses not to regulate smoking in the home, allowing parents to hold their kids captive and expose them to the equivalent of active smoking.
Why is it that parents must learn "more responsible behavior around children" in their cars, but not in their homes? Is it the harm being done to children that bothers our legislators, or is it just seeing the parents smoking that is the problem?
When one sees arguments in favor of a public policy deteriorate to this level, one should take a good hard look at the validity of the position in support of the policy. If this is the best that supporters can come up with, then I'm afraid I cannot find their position to be at all compelling.
One thing is for certain: the arguments being advanced by these car smoking ban proponents do cause harm. Harm to real victims of child abuse. And harm to public health efforts to educate the public about the hazards of smoking.
Thursday, September 20, 2007
Utah Car Smoking Ban Proposal Shows Hypocrisy of this Public Health Approach
According to an article in the Salt Lake Tribune, the Utah legislature is considering a bill that would prohibit smoking in cars carrying children under 6 years old. The bill, which is apparently supported by the Utah chapter of the American Cancer Society, would make smoking in cars with young children a secondary motor vehicle offense, meaning that a car could not be pulled over simply to enforce this particular law. A person could only be pulled over for another motor vehicle offense, and then if also found to be smoking, that individual could then be fined. The fine would be $45, but would be waived if the individual enrolls in a smoking cessation course.
The sponsor of the measure - Senator Scott McCoy of Salt Lake City - argued that the bill is needed because: "They [children] are essentially captives in a very small space with deadly smoke."
The Rest of the Story
There are three elements to the hypocrisy behind this public health measure.
First, if it is true that children riding in a car with a smoker are essentially captives in a small space with deadly smoke, then it is also true that children living in a home with a smoker are essentially captives in a small space with deadly smoke. In fact, children spend a lot more time exposed to smoke in the home than in a car. Even when the magnitude of the exposure is factored in, exposure to secondhand smoke in the home far exceeds exposure in cars, and is a much more important source of childhood health problems, including respiratory symptoms, respiratory infections, ear infections, and asthma. So why would legislators aim to ban smoking in cars with children, but to allow parents to continue to expose their captive children to deadly smoke in the home.
The fact that the sponsor of this bill is willing to intervene in the private car because he sees it as a situation where parents are holding their children captive and forcing them to inhale deadly smoke suggests that he should also be willing to intervene in the private home, where children are exposed - to a far greater extent - to deadly smoke.
How can a legislator acknowledge that:
(1) exposing a child to tobacco smoke is essentially holding them captive and forcing them to inhale a deadly gas;
(2) holding a child captive and forcing them to inhale a deadly gas is unacceptable and must be outlawed by the government; AND
(3) we must allow parents to continue to hold their children captive and force them to be exposed to the same deadly gas, only for far greater lengths of time, in the home.
I can follow arguments #1 and #2, but I don't then follow argument #3.
If we stipulate, for the sake of argument, that points #1 and #2 are accurate, then it not only seems illogical not to reject point #3, but it seems almost callous. How can we knowingly allow parents to expose their kids to a deadly poison? Especially when we have acknowledged that exposing their kids to this deadly poison is completely unacceptable and that government must intervene to outlaw it?
The second element of hypocrisy behind this proposal is the fact that the violation is only made a secondary offense. If parents are truly holding their young children captive and forcing them to inhale deadly and poisonous smoke, and we feel this is an important enough problem to regulate it, then how can we allow police officers to turn a blind eye when they see someone committing this violation?
How can we tell our police: we are serious enough about the problem of parents smoking in cars with young children to ban it, but we are not serious enough to ask you to actually enforce this ban unless someone is committing some other traffic offense?
The third element of hypocrisy is this: if someone merely agrees to enroll in a smoking cessation class, the fine is waived. They don't actually have to quit smoking. They just have to want to quit smoking. Or at least to say that they want to.
If we're really talking about parents exposing their kids to a poisonous and deadly gas, then does it really matter what the perpetrator's intentions are? How does the fact that the person wants to quit smoking affect whether or not they committed an offense which warrants punishment?
What if the person had already enrolled in a smoking cessation class, but had not succeeded? Should that person have to pay the $45?
What about someone who went beyond a smoking cessation class and actually used a nicotine patch for several months? Do we fine them?
How about someone who had actually quit successfully three or four times in the past, but just happened to relapse two days ago?
What about someone who feels that it would be more effective for them to quit without a smoking cessation class? If they promise to quit on their own, does the fine get waived?
What if a violator enrolls in such a class, but never shows up? Do they still have to pay the fine? Who is going to track them down? Are the police going to check the sign-in sheets at all the smoking cessation classes in Utah to see who is there or not?
And how many classes do you actually have to attend? What if you realize that this is not going to work for you after two classes? Do you get called in to pay your fine? What if you actually succeed in quitting after just one class? Do you still have to go to the rest of the classes to avoid having to pay your fine? And who is going to keep track of all this? If no one, then what would stop every violator from simply telling the police officer: "Sorry, officer. I was actually just on my way to sign up for a smoking cessation class."
That's the answer for Utah smokers who want to continue imprisoning their kids and exposing them to deadly smoke. If you get pulled over, just tell the police you were on your way to sign up for a smoking cessation class. Then you need not worry about any penalties. Then, while you're at it, tell them that after registering for the smoking cessation class, you're going to go home and imprison your child in the home, exposing them for hour upon hour to deadly and poisonous smoke, and there isn't a damn thing that the police officer can do about it.
By the way: there is a better way. And there are public health practitioners who are really sincere about trying to protect children from secondhand smoke. At least one state health department - the New York State Department of Health - is putting up $5 million to educate parents about the dangers of secondhand smoke and to encourage parents not to smoke around their children. The campaign will encourage parents not to smoke, but will leave the decision up to them. For those who choose to continue smoking, their decision will be respected, and they will merely be encouraged to avoid exposing their children to the smoke.
The sponsor of the measure - Senator Scott McCoy of Salt Lake City - argued that the bill is needed because: "They [children] are essentially captives in a very small space with deadly smoke."
The Rest of the Story
There are three elements to the hypocrisy behind this public health measure.
First, if it is true that children riding in a car with a smoker are essentially captives in a small space with deadly smoke, then it is also true that children living in a home with a smoker are essentially captives in a small space with deadly smoke. In fact, children spend a lot more time exposed to smoke in the home than in a car. Even when the magnitude of the exposure is factored in, exposure to secondhand smoke in the home far exceeds exposure in cars, and is a much more important source of childhood health problems, including respiratory symptoms, respiratory infections, ear infections, and asthma. So why would legislators aim to ban smoking in cars with children, but to allow parents to continue to expose their captive children to deadly smoke in the home.
The fact that the sponsor of this bill is willing to intervene in the private car because he sees it as a situation where parents are holding their children captive and forcing them to inhale deadly smoke suggests that he should also be willing to intervene in the private home, where children are exposed - to a far greater extent - to deadly smoke.
How can a legislator acknowledge that:
(1) exposing a child to tobacco smoke is essentially holding them captive and forcing them to inhale a deadly gas;
(2) holding a child captive and forcing them to inhale a deadly gas is unacceptable and must be outlawed by the government; AND
(3) we must allow parents to continue to hold their children captive and force them to be exposed to the same deadly gas, only for far greater lengths of time, in the home.
I can follow arguments #1 and #2, but I don't then follow argument #3.
If we stipulate, for the sake of argument, that points #1 and #2 are accurate, then it not only seems illogical not to reject point #3, but it seems almost callous. How can we knowingly allow parents to expose their kids to a deadly poison? Especially when we have acknowledged that exposing their kids to this deadly poison is completely unacceptable and that government must intervene to outlaw it?
The second element of hypocrisy behind this proposal is the fact that the violation is only made a secondary offense. If parents are truly holding their young children captive and forcing them to inhale deadly and poisonous smoke, and we feel this is an important enough problem to regulate it, then how can we allow police officers to turn a blind eye when they see someone committing this violation?
How can we tell our police: we are serious enough about the problem of parents smoking in cars with young children to ban it, but we are not serious enough to ask you to actually enforce this ban unless someone is committing some other traffic offense?
The third element of hypocrisy is this: if someone merely agrees to enroll in a smoking cessation class, the fine is waived. They don't actually have to quit smoking. They just have to want to quit smoking. Or at least to say that they want to.
If we're really talking about parents exposing their kids to a poisonous and deadly gas, then does it really matter what the perpetrator's intentions are? How does the fact that the person wants to quit smoking affect whether or not they committed an offense which warrants punishment?
What if the person had already enrolled in a smoking cessation class, but had not succeeded? Should that person have to pay the $45?
What about someone who went beyond a smoking cessation class and actually used a nicotine patch for several months? Do we fine them?
How about someone who had actually quit successfully three or four times in the past, but just happened to relapse two days ago?
What about someone who feels that it would be more effective for them to quit without a smoking cessation class? If they promise to quit on their own, does the fine get waived?
What if a violator enrolls in such a class, but never shows up? Do they still have to pay the fine? Who is going to track them down? Are the police going to check the sign-in sheets at all the smoking cessation classes in Utah to see who is there or not?
And how many classes do you actually have to attend? What if you realize that this is not going to work for you after two classes? Do you get called in to pay your fine? What if you actually succeed in quitting after just one class? Do you still have to go to the rest of the classes to avoid having to pay your fine? And who is going to keep track of all this? If no one, then what would stop every violator from simply telling the police officer: "Sorry, officer. I was actually just on my way to sign up for a smoking cessation class."
That's the answer for Utah smokers who want to continue imprisoning their kids and exposing them to deadly smoke. If you get pulled over, just tell the police you were on your way to sign up for a smoking cessation class. Then you need not worry about any penalties. Then, while you're at it, tell them that after registering for the smoking cessation class, you're going to go home and imprison your child in the home, exposing them for hour upon hour to deadly and poisonous smoke, and there isn't a damn thing that the police officer can do about it.
By the way: there is a better way. And there are public health practitioners who are really sincere about trying to protect children from secondhand smoke. At least one state health department - the New York State Department of Health - is putting up $5 million to educate parents about the dangers of secondhand smoke and to encourage parents not to smoke around their children. The campaign will encourage parents not to smoke, but will leave the decision up to them. For those who choose to continue smoking, their decision will be respected, and they will merely be encouraged to avoid exposing their children to the smoke.
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